Social Medi An Emotional And Legal Commitment Of Two People

Marriage is an emotional and legal commitment of two people. However, Social media comes in many forms, such as Facebook, Tinder, Myspace, Match.com, Instagram, and Twitter. Social media is either a website or application that enables users to create and share content in order to participate in social networking. Some individuals find themselves using social media to find people with similar interests in order to find a relationship. Social media has made it easier for people from across the street to across the world to communicate. Social media has created profound effects between partners in marriages that lead to irreconcilable differences and eventually lead to divorce. According to Jim Halfens (2015), â€Å"’People who use social media†¦show more content†¦With more intimacy between individuals, there breeds conflict. Conflict may be a small disagreement and can escalate into dangerous abusive situations. There are various communication styles that may cause te nsion or feeling bored within a relationship. Avoidance is a tendency to avoid issues and inability to express their feelings that oppose their partner’s that may cause a disagreement. Comparing avoidance, partner dominance is when an individual tries to be controlling or the dominant one of the relationship. In the middle of avoidance and dominance lies assertiveness, which is the ability to express one’s feelings and desires to their partner without being overpowering. Physical and emotional conditions are a contributing factors in a relationship. Some people may find themselves in a sexual rut in which they may find themselves with a low sexual desire, a physical dysfunction, or sexual dysfunction. These may include emotions such as anxiety, and anguish. The individual may also experience physical conditions such as arthritis, fatigue, and headaches that make it more difficult for them to perform sexual activities. Psychological causes such as depression and long-term stress also play a factor in sexual relationships. Cultural, religious, and relationship pressures put a strain on each

Women During The Nineteenth Century - 1562 Words

Women both in Europe and America during the nineteenth century were living in a society that was characterised by gender inequality (Wwnorton.com, 2015). In the early periods of the century, women were expected to remain passive and subservient to the male counterparts. They were denied many of the legal, social, or even political rights, which in the modern world we consider as a right (Wwnorton.com, 2015). Thus, generally speaking women who belonged to the middle and upper classes remained home; they were expected to care for their children and run the household. In contrast, lower class women worked more frequently and so had other roles to play in society, which was outside the home. However they were likely to be poorly paid servants†¦show more content†¦The roles of women were undergoing significant change, and so therefore many of the writers reflect this change in their writing, and so we see different explorations of the roles of women in society. Many of the writers in the nineteenth century explored the role that women played in society. The historical changes that occurred in this period prompted much discussion and argument about the nature and role women played in society. The reform bills of 1932 and 1867 stimulated the discussion of women’s political rights (Wwnorton.com, p. 418). These changes inevitably were reflected in the works of many of the nineteenth century writers, as the industrial revolution presented a challenge to the traditional perceptions of the female stereotype. Emily Bronte’s ‘Jane Eyre’ being a very prominent work of literature at the time, as she challenged stereotypes by creating a female heroine that did not meet the social conventions of a woman living in the nineteenth century. The female protagonist Jane ‘articulates passionately the view that women are not different from men, but need a field of action as much as their brothers’ (Wwnorton.com, p. 420). Bronte presents to her readers a character that challenges the notion that women depend on men, and so we see Jane striving for independence. Bronte challenges the Victorian ideals as her character Jane finds love on an equal basis, and not for financial security, which was an important feature in Victorian society. This

Enrone Leadership failure free essay sample

Enron stands out as one of the biggest failures in business history. In 2001, Americans were appalled to learn of the unethical practices carried out by leaders and other employees of Enron. Enron used various methods of deception to appear more profitable than it really was, including through creating off-the-book entities to which Enron transferred its substantial debt. (Jennings, 2005). Enron implosion took the world capital markets and Shake the investor confidence in accounting and financial reporting. It even caused the world’s renowned international accounting firm Arthur Andersen to collapse. The most important gatekeeper could not predict Enron’s collapse before it occurred. It was then discovered that Enron senior management had employed complex creative accounting techniques to manipulate the company’s financial figures and hence boost up the financial performance. (Cruver, July 2002) This essay explores the internal culture and leadership practices of its top management. It includes a particular emphasis on charismatic leadership, in people like Kenneth Lay and Jeffrey Skilling. The compelling vision of these leaders, expressed in a recruitment system designed to activate a process of conversion and the promotion of culture by conformity and penalizing of dissent. Introduction Enron went bankrupt and disappeared thirteen years ago, the impacts it has made on the ethical standards never faded. It took Enron 16 years to go from about ten billion dollar assets to more than sixty-five billion dollar assets, and took twenty-four days to go bankrupt. Enron, which once ranked as the seventh-largest company on the Fortune 500 and ranked as the sixth-largest energy company in the world, on December 2, 2001, filed for bankruptcy protection in the biggest case of bankruptcy in the United States up to that point. By November 2001, the company’s stock, which once peaked at $90, was down to less than $1. It was a disaster for the thousands of employees and investors. Employees lost their jobs and pensions, and investors lost billions of dollars. Enron’s ethics code was based on respect, integrity, communication, and excellence. Respect. We treat others, as we would like to be treated ourselves. We do not tolerate abusive or disrespectful treatment. Ruthlessness, callousness and arrogance do not belong here. (chairman, 2000) Integrity. We work with customers and prospects openly, honestly and sincerely. When we say we will do something, we will do it; when we say we cannot or will not do something, then we won’t do it. We have an obligation to communicate. Here we take the time to talk with one another and to listen. We believe that information is meant to move and that information moves people. (chairman, 2000) Excellence. We are satisfied with nothing less than the very best in everything we do. We will continue to raise the bar for everyone. The great fun here will be for all of us to discover just how good we can really be (chairman, 2000) As per this code of conduct and Ken Lay’s professed commitment to business ethics, how could Enron have collapsed so dramatically, going from reported revenues of $101 billion in 2000 and approximately $140 billion during the first three quarters of 2001 to declaring bankruptcy in December 2001? The answer to this question seems to be rooted in a combination of the failure of top leadership, a corporate culture that supported unethical behavior, and the complicity of the investment banking community. (chairman, 2000) The Enron History Enron found in 1985 as a pipeline company, there power supplier to utilities. Enron business start through the merger of Houston Natural Gas. In the following years, Enron improve quickly and became one of the successful energy trader in the world. Enron identified as a one of the world’s leading electricity, natural gas, and communications organization. (The Crooked E: The Unshredded Truth About Enron, January 5, 2003) In the following years, with the increase of competition, Enron decided to use diversification and international investment to keep its market position. Actually, these activities brought Enron an unexpected large amount of losses rather than profits. In 1999, after a foray into fiber optics and the broadband market, which was a wrong decision again, Enron suffered too many substantial losses and began bleeding quickly. However, Enron had never declared any information about its losses until October 2001. Besides manipulated the financial statements, Enron never mentioned the risks, which it should disclose to its investors. On the contrary, the executives of Enron disclosed a great earnings forecast through the media and encouraged investors to purchase Enron’s stocks. They also suggested their employees invest their pensions in Enron’s stock or stock options. Arthur Andersen, the audit company for Enron, helped Enron hide these frauds for five years. Every time when analysts or Enron’s employees expressed their doubts about Enron’s financial condition, Enron would try to keep them quiet and fired them later. Meanwhile, top executive embezzled. The executives also drove up the stock price and put a large amount of money into their own pockets through trading stocks. (Mclean, 2004) Because of those frauds, from 1998 to 2001, the stock price peaked at $90 US. â€Å"By December 2000, Enron’s shares were selling for $85 each, its employees had their 401(k)s heavily invested in Enron Stock, and the company [had] a matching program in which it contribute additionally shares of stock to savings and retirement plans when employees chose to fund them with Enron stock† Therefore, both investors and employees suffered heavily from this disaster when Enron collapsed. Problems began erupting in 2001. Jeffrey Skilling, the CEO, left in August of 2001. Then in October 2001, Enron reported a loss of million $. Following that, Chief financial officer Andrew Fastow was replaced, and the Securities and Exchange Commission began investigating the Enron. After about one month, in late November, the SEC found off-the-books entities and overstated revenues, and then the company’s stock was down to less than $1 US. Finally, on December 2, 2001, Enron filed for bankruptcy protection. Investors lost billions of dollars. (The Crooked E: The Unshredded Truth About Enron, January 5, 2003) The Enron 1985 | To be the first natural gas company in North America 1990 | To be the first natural gas company in the world 1995 | To be best performing energy company in the world 2001 | To be the best performing company in the world 2002 | To recover from bankruptcy The Enron Culture Enron’s corporate culture developed inside its office during the heady days of its success and has revealed many signs of how things could go wrong. In general, the top management developed arrogance due to its success, the tone was set at the top and it percolated to the lower level and finally became a culture of the corporation. Enron’s top management, Kenneth Lay and it associates gave its executives freedom to pursue the corporate goal and left them to be and was only questioned when goals were not met. (William, 2002) â€Å"These controls were not rigorous enough, implementation and oversight was inadequate at Management and Board levels, as no one took responsibility for oversight; controls were not execute properly and structural defects became apparent over time. No one in Management addressed issues as it arose or brought it to the Board’s attention† Skilling instituted the performance review committee which known as the harshest employee ranking system as associates had to â€Å"do deals† and post earnings to be ranked high. Secrecy became order of the day for many of the company’s trading as well as disclosures†. (Thomas, 2002) Who to blame for Unethical Leadership Enron top executives lay and Skilling are mainly to blame for the Enron collapse. As intemperate leaders, Lay and Skilling were surely able to lead an effective and efficient Enron, but they lacked self- control and in turn followed a path down a slippery and slimy slope to disaster. They fostered a competitive environment that crushed any little creativity employees had and had them constantly worried about the permanence of their job. Not only were Enron’s top executives intemperate, they were also just plain toxic. Lay blatantly lied to employees, sending emails of false hope. He also conned his employees into keeping all stocks they held in the company all the while he sold millions of dollars’ worth of his stock. As employees of Enron, many were making a decent living. Many shut themselves off from the utter corruption they saw. Speaking out would surely cost them their jobs and possibly their childs college fund. (Cruver, July 2002) Looking back, many would want to say they would have been the whistle blowers, they would have spoken out, but personally, I do not think I would have. Maybe if I did not have a family or anything to live for I would, but I do. It may be selfish, but I believe that too much was at stake. I also find that the auditing firm Arthur Anderson played a key and pivotal role in this collapse. Ordering all Enron related documents to wipe after the scandal illustrates. Fault of Arthur Andersen’s There is no single answer for who is responsible for Enron downfall. There are many different people and groups at vault all varying degrees. Chairman and Jeffery Skilling are most certainly at fault, but I do not think you can blame a man for acting in his own best interests and for doing what he â€Å"thought† would protect a the organization. However, you can blame an organization whose sole job is to audit the books, for screwing up the auditing of the books. For this reason, I put Arthur Andersen most at fault. As a separate entity from Enron, the firm was the only check put in place on Enron’s’ accounting. However, it failed to properly report those findings as evidenced by not only the tragedy that was Enron’s finances, but also by the shredding of documents. Arthur Andersen not only had the information to stop the Enron train wreck, it also had the means of doing so. They expected to remain objective in the auditing of the finances but by instead became too invested in the company and the fees it generated. Whereas Ken Ley faltered in his attempts to keep the company afloat, he still â€Å"tried. † The job of Enron was to produce earning for its investors and they attempted to do so. Arthur Andersen’s job was to keep the books clean and they failed at just that. (The Crooked E: The Unshredded Truth About Enron, January 5, 2003) †¢Way of Leadership Failure and Leaders The Top leaders were Kenneth Lay, CEO and Jeffery Skilling, COO/then CEO. However, Andy Fastow, who eventually became CFO, also played a leadership role in the development of special purpose entities their leadership failed on a number of Stages. (Cruver, July 2002) Ambition and greed created a culture of revenue growth at all costs, Poor financial controls allowed bad business decisions to be masked over, Unethical â€Å"quid pro quo† partnerships with auditors and other external reviewers were developed, and Compensation and bonuses went to the top without correlation to earnings. Enron failed in many different aspects but primarily due to the failure of the leadership team and people in different positions within Enron and other organization to act reputably and responsibly. Key issues were Transparency, protection of shareholder rights, and responsibility of the boards of directors. (The Crooked E: The Unshredded Truth About Enron, January 5, 2003) †¢Leadership influence the organizational culture The best examples in which the leadership beliefs shaped the culture can found in the work of Andrew Fastow. He had tremendous authority to create the Special Purpose Entities. These organizations became a dumping ground for bad assets and a source of cash flow to please Wall-Street: â€Å"First, by selling troubled assets to the partnerships, Enron removed them from the balance sheet, taking pressure off the firm’s total indebtedness and simultaneously hiding underperforming investments†¦Second, the sale of the troubled investments to the partnerships generated income which Enron could then use to make its quarterly earnings commitments to Wall Street† In Enron’s case, SPEs were used widely to conceal the real performance some troubled assets and investments. SPEs were a way of securing capital funds and are very deceptive as we learned later on because it can deviate from the main purpose of creating SPEs. Jeffery Skilling was the first who employed this concept through the creation of Cactus Fun in 1991. Later, Fastow (CFO) took this concept to a new level and created these SPEs mainly for the purpose to sell troubled investments to partnership and remove these troubled investments from its balance sheet. Enron’s leadership was positively rewarding many people who participated in flourishing its corporate balance sheet starting from Andrew Fastow himself through promotion and compensation to other influential outsiders by rewarding them with multimillion consulting projects. By doing so, the leadership encouraged deceptive and shady practices within its corporate governance systems. Whether Lay and Skilling overlooked the SPE practices or encouraged them outright, the culture was such that Fastow could go forth recklessly as long as he returned revenues. The SPE solution would only provide short-term relief from swelling debt pressures. In the end, the SPE’s helped to undo Enron. (Mclean, 2004) †¢Corporate culture and organizational leadership support or undermine Enron vision According to the New York Times, Enron’s vision was to operate â€Å"as a global corporate citizen† conducting business with â€Å"respect, integrity, communication and excellence. † Enron wanted to become â€Å"the world’s leading energy company-creating innovative and efficient energy solutions for growing economies and a better environment worldwide (CSUS). The corporate culture and organizational leadership undermined this vision in that the business did not operate with integrity; instead Enron focused more on off-balance sheet accounting to unjustly enrich the pockets of its top management and meet/exceed Wall Street’s expectations. Such focus diverted Enron’s resources from creating innovative and efficient energy solutions. The culture can easily be summarized as aggressive which lead to unethical behavior in the form of issuing worthless stock options to employees. In addition, during Enron’s takeover in India over 200 million people in India experienced a massive blackout which further lead to Enron demanding more than â€Å"three times the normal rate for supplying power† to re-power the electricity stations. (The Crooked E: The Unshredded Truth About Enron, January 5, 2003) †¢The Most parts of the corporate governance system that failed in Enron Enron failed because appropriate internal governance failure, especially since the SPE’s were specifically designed to write-off bad assets and hide poor profits. The focus on revenue above real earnings was the fault of upper management. Of course, external governance failed to acknowledge warning signs. Clearly at fault, the auditors and legal counsel did not serve the Enron community of stakeholders well. Rather, both accounting and legal entities overlooked discrepancies and errors and favored the relationship with Enron to continue the revenue streams for their own professional services companies. Without appropriate financial information from the auditors and legal counsel the SEC and SYSE (external corporate governance systems) cannot be held accountable for their failure to notice Enron’s illegal practices. If I am in Enron If I am Enron employee. I will have many questions about the condition of the company, and depending on our business intuition, I feel there must be some problems at Enron. But if I ask questions or mention my opinions, I will be hurt right now, such as lose my job, or receive unfair reviews. In the Utilitarian Theory, Philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill argued that â€Å"resolution of ethical dilemmas requires a balancing effort in which we minimize the harms that result from a decision even as we maximize the benefits† (M.J, 2009) In this theory, when we make decisions, we should consider the interest of all the parties who are affected by our decision and choose the actions which can maximize the benefits. We can just do the most good that we can. It is an ethical dilemma—protecting our own interest with a predicted harm to all the investors, or just protecting most of stakeholder’s interest and give up our own short-term interest. According to the Utilitarian Theory, the answer is obvious. The Categorical Imperative and Immanuel Kant theories stated a standard â€Å"you cannot use others in a way that gives you a one-side benefit† (M.J, 2009) I ask myself the following three questions: Is it legal? Is it balanced? How does it make me feel? If I were an employee of Enron, I would think about the answers for the three questions above. 1. According to our business intuition or some threads, I feel the Management may commit fraud. It’s illegal to help the Management to hide fraud. 2. If I disclose this information to public, I may lose my job. Otherwise, if I hide the information, more people will suffer, such as the investors and stockholders of Enron. 3. I need to disclose these to public and try best to stop the fraud of Enron although I may lose my job. Hiding the facts I know and letting others suffered from that facts, make me feel guilty. Conclusion Enron the weakness is bad leadership. The executives of Enron are really smart guys, but they destroyed the fortune they built in 16 years and also hurt many investors. The fundamental cause of this disaster is that they lack the idea of the business ethic. Therefore, when the executives encounter dilemmas, they chose the wrong way. To avoid another Enron, I have three suggestions for organizations in today’s business world. 1. Organization has to think about their corporate culture carefully because organization’ culture will impact the decision of both the employees and employers when they face ethical dilemmas. As discussed in the third part, Enron’s culture brought many bad results and contributed to its fraud and bankruptcy. Enron had competitive environments and rigorous performance evaluation standards. Besides that, Enron only focused on its financial goals. If Enron gave more job securities to their employees, there might be less cheating on work. Additionally, employers could not make so many decisions if they cared about the interests of their employees and other stakeholders. Therefore, organizations should build a healthy corporate culture. 2. Organizations need to build a robust ethics infrastructure and follow it in the daily business. Only having ethical codes is far from enough. Enron had a well written code of ethics, but many unethical behaviors still happened. So organizations should write a code of ethic and communicate it to all the employees. If you have an ethical code, you should try your best to follow it. Don’t make your code of ethics be window dressing. Instead, organizations should make ethical standards common sense in every person’s mind. 3. Organizations need to learn business ethics theories and models because they are the ethical basis in all the situations. For example, in these theories and models, the impacts of your decisions and the interests of related parties are emphasized. These ethics and models give out good ways of balancing the interests of all the related parties, so they can help you make the right decisions when you face ethical dilemmas. Executives of business should have a good knowledge of business ethics. Then when they encounter dilemmas, they can know what to do. Therefore, to avoid another Enron, organizations should consider whether they have a healthy business culture, whether they have a well-written code of ethics and also follow the code, and whether the employers and employees have enough knowledge about business ethics.

Tomb Of King Tut Essays - Tutankhamun, Amarna Period, Ay, Atenism

Tomb Of King Tut TOMB OF TUTANKHAMUN The most famous Egyptian pharaoh today is, King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun is also known as King Tut. The name ?Tutankhamun? is derived from hieroglyphics which means ?Living Image of Amun.? He was an Egyptian pharaoh of the 18th dynasty, he also was the son in law of Akhenaton. Tutankhamun was not a important King, he is well known because of his tomb, containing beautiful treasures. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's tomb was discovered by an British archaeologists Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon in 1922. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun lived over 3,300 years ago. The period he lived in was called the New Kingdom. During this period the Egyptians were worshipping multiple gods. Amenhotep had abolished this belief and had established a new order to worship the sun god Aten, which then he changed his name to Akhenaten, meaning ?servant of the Aten.? A new religion and capital was established in Thebes. His new city was called Akhetaten, meaning ?Horizon of the Aten.? Akhenaten and his wife, Nefertiti had six daughters, and no one to be the next pharaoh. Ankhesenpaaten was one of the daughters of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Ankhesenpaaten married Tutankhamun. After the death of Akhenaten, Tutankhamun became the next pharaoh at age 9. Since he became a pharaoh at such a young age, he was not able to make decisions. Ay who was the father of Nefertiti and Horemheb who was the commander in chief of the army was in charge. Tutankhamun was taught many skills when he was young. He spent most of his years in the palaces of Akhenaten, he was tutored in reading and writing. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun unfortunately died at the age of 18. There is partial evidence that King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun might have died of an accident falling off his horse or perhaps he was murdered. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun burial arrangements lasted 70 days. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun Tomb was located in the Valley of the Kings in Luxar Egypt. Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon discovered King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's Tomb, his tomb contained the most beautiful treasures. It is said that it was a magnificent collection of Egyptian art. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun treasures are displayed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun Tomb contained more than 5000 items. Although it was robbed at least twice right after King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun was buried, but most of the kings treasure was still there. The most beautiful piece found in King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's Tomb is his coffin made of solid gold. It is 74? long, 20?wide and 20? high. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun was shown as Osiris holding the crook and flail. This was the traditional symbol that meant kingship. Another famous item of King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun is the funerary mask. This also was made of solid gold and was inlaid with lapis, lazuli, cornelian, quartz, obsidian, turquoise and colored glass. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's Tomb contained a set of Canopic containers. The calcite Canopic chest that had stoppers in the form of the king. There was four canopic coffins for King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun. In addition to everything else found in King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's Tomb was the inlaid circlet that was found on the kings head. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's outer golden shrine had standing figures dressed in Amarna style that represented the four goddesses Isis, Nepthhys, Neit and Selket. And just inside the entrance of the king was a figure of Anubis in the form of a jackal. Egyptians were probably one of the most important ancient civilizations of all time. They were definitely best known for their mummies and pyramids. The discovery of King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun was one of the worlds best discoveries. This discovery was actually a miracle, the British archaeologists were so close to not finding King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's tomb, but it's a good thing they did. King Nebkheperuru Tutankhamun's tomb is absolutely a remarkable sight and the Kings treasures are so detailed and beautiful. Its incredible how the ancient Egyptian did all these things. European History Essays

altered states of consciousness Essays - Philosophy Of Mind

The function and process of perception can vary depending on a particular state of consciousness. Normal waking consciousness is a mental state that encompasses the thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and reasonably alert (Morris whether naturally or self-induced. While sensory data is inevitable, the brain's interpretation and perception of such stimuli during an altered state of consciousness will differ from that of waking consciousness. This mini-paper will elaborate on the effects of perception, including its process and function, related to three altered states of consciousness. The first being sleep and dreams, next drug-altered consciousness, followed by hypnosis. Before discussing the effects of perception while in an altered state, an overview of the basic function and process of perception in a normal setting is needed. Sensation is the body's initial encounter with a sensory experience. This begins when the sensory receptors receive energy from a particular stimulus, which trigger receptor cells. The physical energy is converted into electrochemicals, then passes along sensory nerves, to the central nervous system where the brain receives the energy as a detailed message. However, not all physical energy produces a sensation. A minimum intensity, termed absolute threshold, must be achieved in order to produce a sensation. Perception takes place when the message reaches the brain and is then deciphered. Here, the sensory information is organized and interpreted to be made sense of. Using sensory information as raw material, the brain creates perceptual experiences that go beyond what is sensed directly (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 106). Again , this is the series of events in the normal waking state of consciousness. During an altered state of consciousness the effect, process, and/or function of perception may vary. Sleep is the body's natural way of recharging itself mentally and physically. Research has shown that adequate sleep contributes to cognitive functioning such as enhanced creativity, decision-making, and problem-solving skills, and also crucial to the formation of long-term memories (Morris However, REM is a deep sleep, it is difficult to wake the person, and is when most dreaming takes place. Dreams, in a way, could be considered perception. The brain subconsciously interprets information without the need of sensory stimulation. Psychologists define dreams as visual and auditory experiences that our minds create during sleep (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 131). This is an example of a natural occurrence of altering consciousness. Drug-altered consciousness on the other hand, is self-induced. Psychoactive drugs are substances that change people's moods, perceptions, mental functioning, or behavior (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 134). Drugs are taken to purposely alter one's state of consciousness. To analyze the effect drugs have on the nervous system, three categories of drugs will be mentioned: depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Depressants slow behavior, thinking, and perception by increasing or decreasing nerve impulses. Stimulants, such as amphetamines, produce feelings of optimism as well as never-ending energy by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system. These drugs cause the release of norepinephrine from adrenergic nerve endings (Weil, n.d.). Lastly, hallucinogens distort the user's senses and induce perceptual changes by causing experiences that resemble hallucinations. A positive for psychoactive drugs is the ability to explore different parts of the brain while in this altered state of consciousness. Although, the negative consequences of abuse and add iction are high risk. The last section is a technique that has been used for centuries for positivity, without the risk. Hypnosis is a trancelike state in which a person responds readily to suggestions (Morris & Maisto, 2010, p. 150). This is an altered state of consciousness that works like sleep. The subconscious person receives a suggestion, which acts as a stimulus, and is sent to and interpreted by the brain. Hypnosis can help ease pain as well as cure an addiction. In conclusion, perceptual experiences vary in different forms of consciousness. Whether it be the sensory organs or the brain itself, interpretation of the coded message is somehow changed.

THE ANTITRUST MOVEMENT AMIDST A FRAGMENTED FEDERAL STATE Book Report

THE ANTITRUST MOVEMENT AMIDST A FRAGMENTED FEDERAL STATE Book Report/Review THE ANTITRUST MOVEMENT AMIDST A FRAGMENTED FEDERAL STATE – Book Report/Review Example THE ANTITRUST MOVEMENT AMIDST A FRAGMENTED FEDERAL November 5, The Antitrust Movement amidst a Fragmented Federal Ch. 6 The economic development of a nation highly depends on the business activities within the nation and transactions with other countries or in other words international trade. The article grants me the opportunity to understand the world of business during the early nineteenth century. The article begins by giving me a brief description of how business or rather service providers operated before the issue of merging came into place. Further importance of the article is seen by the critical analysis of the structural defects on the strategies employed by the state to control the business enterprise. I gain vast knowledge by reading through the two main legal traditions employed by the state in the regulation process. The most efficient technique among the two is the right for the state to charter corporations. It ensured that the activities of the enterprise could be c ontrolled.The article in the reading that caught my attention was the information on great merger movement. The author ensures that all the relevant information is well tackled. The origin of the mergers with examples of the companies that were among the first business organization to practice this structure is given. The article gives me an opportunity to understand the step undertaken by the President Roosevelt to protect the people against cases of a monopolistic market. Several analysts and their publications such Kolko are analyzed in the article (The Antitrust Movement amidst a Fragmented Federal State 161). Different questions about techniques used by the authorities to control the situation are analyzed. An important aspect tackled is the answer to the loose end found in the federal policy employed to curb the situation. The formed enterprises prevented competition by ensuring that they controlled the main inputs for production of a certain product thus can easily control en try to that line of business.An important concept in the reading that I can relate to the economics is the aspect of monopoly. It was horrific for the people in America to witness the merger as it would create monopolistic type of market structure. The prices of goods and services are no longer be determined by competition but the producers. It means that the prices can be raised with little influence from the external environment.

Systems Management and Security of Standard Chartered Bank Essay

Systems Management and Security of Standard Chartered Bank - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that Standard Chartered ranks among the top 20 companies in the FTSE-100 by market capitalization. It was formed in 1969 when two banks merged i.e. The Standard Bank of British South Africa which was founded in 1863, and the Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, founded in 1853. Standard Chartered Bank always strives to Lead by example and be the right partner for its stakeholders. One of the objectives of the Standard Chartered Group is its commitment to building a sustainable business over the long term that is trusted worldwide for upholding high standards of corporate governance, social responsibility, environmental protection and employee diversity. IT, Security and the Banking system The increasing demand of account holders and the business industry has led to a change in the banking sector. Like many other industries, the banking sector is also affected by the impacts of information technological and technological advancements. Standard chartered uses a number of technologically advanced equipments to quicken the procedures involved in the banking work. It makes use of computers, internet, modern software for accounting and transactional processing and so on. In the recent year, online banking has also been established and promoted by the banking sectors. Standard Chartered Plc also proposed a trade platform for the users of its services called B2Bex. This platform is used by both sellers and buyers to perform the basic transactions online without any delays or necessary paperwork. This platform helps in maintaining the whole trade procedures by giving the opportunity to the buyers to locate a supplier and choose products, negotiate insurance and transfer finances. The software to combat hackers and misuse of customer information have also been incorporated in the IT infrastructure of most the banks. This helps in maintaining substantial level of security of information of the users. Standard Chartered wa s the first bank to introduce ATM during 1979 in Hong Kong. The IT Security Measures Here are some of the security features that standard Chartered has implemented: 1. Strong Cryptography is extremely essential as it is the process through which data is converted into scrambled code and sent across a public or private network and deciphered or unscrambled at the other end. There are two types of cryptography: Symmetric cryptography. Asymmetrical cryptography. Under Symmetric cryptography the same key is used for encryption and decryption. This method is vulnerable to plain text attacks and linear cryptanalysis meaning that they are hackable and at times simple to decode. Asymmetrical cryptography utilizes two different keys for the encryption and decryption of data. It is considered to be more reliable and secure. Hence keeping in line with the latest updates in cryptography, Standard Chartered Bank Online Banking is currently employing SSL 3.0, RC4 with 128-bit encryption (High); R SA with 1024-bit and Triple-DES encryption to ensure data (password) protection and data integrity protection. This form of cryptography used is among the strongest that is available in the industry.

Health Care System of the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Care System of the USA - Essay Example The healthcare system is a blend of public and private funding. Unlike US, in the UK, all residents are entitled to cover under UK National Health Service (NHS). Though the parameters of the NHS are not clearly defined, the National Health Service Act 1977 places a general responsibility on the Secretary of State to provide services "to such extent, as he considers necessary to meet all reasonable requirements". However, the U.S. health system has some major public funded elements. Apart from having public hospitals in older cities, a policy called Medicare gives taxation-financed coverage for the elderly and disabled, mostly to people over the age of 65 years. Privately owned hospitals or physicians in private practice generally provide another utility called Medicaid. Being a federal and state initiative, the program provides coverage to people with low-income and disabled persons. In order to be eligible for Medicare, individuals or their spouses should have worked for at least 10 years in institutions which are covered by Medicare and are at least 65 years old and are a citizen or permanent resident of the United States of America. People under the per-requisite age can also be covered provided they are disabled or have end stage renal disease. In such cases, the people concerned should be receiving handicap benefits from either Social Security or the Railroad Retirement Board for at least 24 months before automatic enrolment occurs. USA also has another important public initiative called The Department of Veterans Affairs. This caters to providing exclusive health care to military personals. This includes medical coverage to injured U.S. military veterans and also to contemporary servicemen and women. Interestingly, the policy does not cover the health sectors of those veterans who are non-injured. The policy operates through a nation-wide network of government hospitals. Then there is something called the Home health care services. These are usually confined to nursing enterprises, and work on the advice of physicians. In the private sector, medical care is provided by personal physicians (doctors who specialise subjects such as internal medicine, family medicine, and paediatrics medicine), physicians who are specialists (such as neurologists, gastroenterologists, urologists, cardiologists, or paediatric endocrinologists) or non-physicians (people practising nursing and those who train for physician assistants like radiologists). Hospitals in the private sector include ones run by private corporations. On the other hand, county governments, state governments, religious orders, or independent non-profit organisations generally run the social or the non-profit hospitals. Apart from this, there are also hospitals that provide outpatient care in their emergency rooms and speciality clinics (like Surgicenters). However, these hospitals primarily provide inpatient care. The government also subsidises rates for terminally ill patients. The prenatal clinics, family planning counselling, and dysplasia clinics are government-funded and are usually staffed by nurse practitioners. On a comparative ground, the US has the most expensive health care system in the world. The

Alienation Essay Example for Free

Alienation Essay Metamorphosis is a change in physical form or structure. In The Metamorphosis, there is a literal change in the protagonist, Gregor Samsas, physical form from a man to an insect. This metamorphosis brings to light one of the major themes in the novel; the theme of alienation. Todays society demands conformity to its norms and any individual who refuses to accept these faces alienation. Such is the fate of Gregor in the story. Before Gregors metamorphosis, he is alienated from his job, humanity, his family, and even his body. The metamorphosis, however, takes the alienation to a different plane. In the story, Gregors job precipitates his alienation from society, his family, and himself. Gregors initial alienation is from his physical body and as the story progresses we find that Gregors life as an insect is not much different from his life as a human. From the first few paragraphs we get the impression that Gregors metamorphosis has only transformed him from one body to a less convenient one. He does not seem frazzled by his transformation, but explores his new body and tries to work with it. He observes his numerous legs, which were pitifully thin compared to the rest of his bulk (Kafka, 494), he feels a dull ache he had never experienced before (495), and he discovers a place on his body that he cannot itch. Gregor does not seem to have any emotional change due to this transformation. This is evident when he wakes up after his transformation and is annoyed that he cannot go to sleep because he cannot turn onto his right side. He also thinks about how he can no longer attend work.

Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia

Slavery In USA And Serfdom In Russia Slavery, condition in which one human being is owned by another  [1]  , has been part of countless civilizations since the dawn of Mankind. From the fields and mines of Ancient Mesopotamia, through great Rome and sophistic Greece, and all the way until just but a century ago in America and Russia, slavery was a basic foundation of the society. In its beginning, and several times since, slaves were kept almost as family members, but mostly they were put to do the hard, physical work. Slavery was always weld together with the economy of the owners, be it civilians or the monarch crown. Even today some slavery still exists. We might hear and read about evil criminality referred to as human trafficking, forced prostitution, child soldiers, forced and bonded labour and the use of children in international drug trade, children labour  [2]  . Also Conservative estimates indicate that at least 27million people, in places as diverse as Nigeria, Indonesia and Brazil, live in conditions of forced bondage  [3]  . International organizations like the UN, with its Anti-Slavery Commission, still fight to abolish these modern remains of slavery. In our everyday life language we tend to say that we are slaves of our work, our money or some other materialistic need. Fortunately slavery in its ancient and medieval context has been abolished in practically the whole world. Serfdom, condition in medieval Europe in which a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord  [4]  , differs principally from slavery in the fact that serfs obtained their subsistence by cultivating a plot of land that was owned by a lord. The reason for then comparing serfdom in the Russian Empire with slavery in the USA lies in the fact that in 18th- and first half of 19th century Russia the nobility, the Dvoryanstvo, possessed the power to practically do everything they wanted with their serfs. This power was identical to the slave owners in the Southern States of America, also in the 18th- and 19th century. This essay aims at showing how fundamentally different the American and Russian society was, and, ironically, how both contained unfree human beings in miserable conditions. The difficult conditions will be looked at too, and the interesting difference that can be found when comparing the fall of slavery and serfdom will be given so me attention. The research question is then; What were the simmilarities and differences between slavery in the USA and serfdom in the Russian Empire? The topic is worthy of investigation since the effects of slavery and serfdom still affect people living in the USA and Russia today. The United States of America The New World On October 12, 1492, when Columbus (1451-1506) reached land in the West Indies for the first time and met the indigenous people there, he made especially many notations in his log book. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)they [native people] indicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador [Columbus named the island so] to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves  [5]  . Columbus log indicates that the Native American civilizations already consisted of some sort of slavery, unless Columbus own wish to make slaves of them made him misunderstand what they were trying to tell him. Columbus thinking like this is not unreasonable, considering what we can read further in the log: They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them and, perhaps most surprisingly I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased. This was day o ne, not counting the days it took to sail to this new land, and already some sort of prediction about the future of the new continent could be drawn, like in a novel consisting of foreshadowing. This was the beginning of the colonization of the West Indies, and later, the whole Northern- and Southern American continent. Portugal, Britain and France soon joined the scene, and successfully conquered and established themselves in the New World. Because of the cruel enslavement and barbaric behavior of the Spanish conquistadors, but mainly due to the unexpected European diseases like smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria and measles, thereby killing millions upon millions of people  [6]  of the Indians. The tragic result of these biological genocides was the need for more workers, workers that would be found in Africa, and from there be brought to America. The Transatlantic Slave Trade The Bible says that the root of all evil is the love [lust] for money  [7]  . This was the case with the Transatlantic Slave Trade, a fundamental part of the Triangle Trade. This trade moved slaves from Central and Western Africa across the Atlantic Ocean to the West Indies [current Caribbean Islands], Brazil and North-America. It is estimated that about 9.4-12million Africans arrived in the New World from Africa. These were from Ghana and Nigeria, Congol and Angola. They were sold by West African kings and leaders, who often were put on the throne by the European traders themselves: The principal European traders took active part in installing kings who they judged would favour their activities irrespective of whether such kings were acceptable to their subjects  [8]  . Kings sent military expeditions against nearby tribes, captured their people and sold them to the Portuguese. The Portuguese acted out of personal, but also Spanish, need for slaves  [9]  . 10 A group of Africans captured by African slave market suppliers. After being captured, most Africans were separated from their families, men, women and children alike. They were then forced to walk hundreds of kilometres in order to reach the Slave Coast in West Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean. After arrival there, they were stowed together on ships like animals, with almost no place to even turn around, travelling for weeks among the filth of vomit-filled tubs, blood, urin, children crying, women shrieking and the dying groaning in despair. They could feel the stench of death spreading throughout the whole ship. These were the horrors of the Midlle Passage. 11 At any attempt of mutiny or resurrection terrible reprisals were carried out, like on the American ship Kentucky in 1844 where 46 men and one woman were hanged, tortured and mutilated and shot in the breast and the bodies thrown overboardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦sometimes they shot at the body while it still hung living, and all kinds of sport was made of the business  [12]  . One can imagine that the poor survivors of these atrocities asked themselves if the situation could get worse. Nations like Holland, Britain, France and Spain followed up the Portuguese in the triangular trade. When arriving in America the slaves, who were in much smaler numbers than at departure, were sold profitably in auctions and the money was used to by sugar , tobacco and cotton. These raw materials were transported back to the individual countries of Europe and manufactured there. Sugar became rum, cotton textiles, and the tobacco used. To maintain this buisness slave transport ships were sent to West Africa again with products from Europe that were desirable for the merchants and leaders that were settled there. The 13 colonies and slavery Britain, one of the greatest colonising nations, had several colonies all around America from British Honduras [Honduras] in the south to Newfoundland in the north. 13 of these colonies had settled together like neighbours on the North-American continent. These colonies did not differ from others in the matter of slavery. Also here a master could enjoy absolute rights over his property  [13]  . Two of the earliest established colonies, Virginia (1607) and Maryland (1632), were especially determined to repress the blacks, both free and slave. This was mainly due to fear of slave insurrectons, like e.g at St. Domingo [Haiti]. Laws and codes were created, restricting assemblies of black slaves, forbidding escape and travel without pass (Virginia,1705). Any kind of violence against the white owner(s) (or any other white person for that sake) allowed the owner to correct such a slave very physically, and also, if the slave died during this correction, no punishment towards the owner e xisted. It was ()as if such accident never happened.  [14]  (Virginia,1705). Anti miscegenation laws were established (Maryland, 1664), not allowing sexual relations or marriage between people of different races [Declared unconstitutional in 1967]. The penalty for such inter-racial marriages was that the white women who had succumbed to this terrible act, would lawfully become a slave herself, and so any children that she might give birth to. To bear firearm (unless allowed by the owner for protection against the Indians) and witness in court proceedings against any but other blacks was illegal too (Virginia,1639 and Virginia,1705), as well as any excercisement in any ecclesiastic [church], civil or military office (Virginia,1705). Convertion to Christianity through baptism did not change civil rights either (Virginia,1667). Noteably, greatest influence was played by the above partly mentioned Slave Codes of 1705. These subsequently came to serve as models for the other colonies. It was because of these Slave Codes that slaves would be considered by the law as real estate, property, a thing. Due to lack of co-operation and stubborness from the British Parliament and King in former taxual matters concerning the 13 colonies, militia of the New England colony surrounded the city of Boston on April 18th 1775. The attack was a result of a confiscation and arrestation attempt in Concord  [15]  . Armed clashes between the British troops and the colonies began the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). The Second Continental Congress met the same year. This Congress formed the Continental Army and fought the British Army. What is highly relevant to my research question is what the Second Continental Congress did but a year after its gathering. They wrote and signed the most important act in American history, on July 4th 1776. It was the United States Declaration of Independence. Second Continental Congress  [16]   In the second sentence of this document we find the famous words:We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. One could assume that this clear separation from Imperial England and forming of a new nation based upon such beautiful words and honorable ideals must have contributed directly towards abolishment of slavery in the United States of America. The great paradox is that it didnt. Yes, the Revolutional ideas helped the Quakers together with Tomas Jefferson and Luther Martin in their pro-abolishment fight, resulting in illegalisation of slave trade in New York and Pennsylvania, but not much more. South Carolina temporarily illegalized the trade, while Massachusetts were hypocritical in their law by only prohibiting slave trade directly from Africa. Eli Whitneys cotton gin invention strenghtened the economic foundation of slavery in the Southern states and restored the African slave trade in North-America. Apparantly the former made changes affects did not last long. Officially only South Carolina had restored the slave trade, but the rest of the States smuggled in slaves and used them as well. The Bill of Rights (1789), the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution from 1787, guaranteed the white people in the United States that The Congress shal make no Law respecting the Establishment of Religion, or prohibiting the free Exercise thereof; or abridging the Freedom of Speech, or of the Press, or to the Right of the People peaceably assemble  [17]  . Through this they layed down a democratic foundation and example for the whole modern world. The United States should have been quite perfect, only that the great paradoxal and moral problem of slavery due to racism persisted. The Russian Empire Part of the culture Russia as a nation has gone through many changes throughout its history. The Kievan Rus state, which started in the 880s, contained the predecessors of several Slav people and is the oldest Russia we know of. Prince Vladimir (978-1015), a successor of the Kievan Rus crown, converted to Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy. It was through this conversion and acceptance of Eastern Orthodoxic religion that the Byzantine culture, statecraft and art came to Kievan Rus. These three were mixed with the Slavs culture and thereby created traditions which influenced the rise of the Russian autocratic state  [18]  . Russias autocratic system in the 19th century was therefore quite old. The medieval state of Kievan Rus disintergrated in the end though, starting to divide into principalities in the 12th century because of domestic conflicts. The Mongol-Tartar invasion, starting with an attack in 1223, did not improve the situation. The Mongol-Tartars destroyed Kiev along with many other cities at the time, so that many of the Slav people, mainly peasants, became homeless and had no choice but to move and settle on the land of wealthy Russian princes and nobles. A starting serfdom was therefore partially one of the consequences of the Mongol-Tartar invasion. The peasants-serfs, became attached and dependent upon the mercy of higher ranked Russians. As the Mongol-Tartars power diminished, especially with the defeat at the Battle of Kulikovo (1380), the grand princes of Muscovy [Moscow], had created a strong and wealthy Grand Duchy. Ivan III (ruled 1462-1505), one of the most successful grand princes there, was the first Muscovite ruler to use the titles of tsar and Ruler of all Rus. He had the right to claim it, Muscovy trippled in size under his rule. In order to keep strict order and reject any smaller princes who claimed to rule specific territories, Ivan the III forced all lesser princes, the nobility, to acknowledge him the sole and unquestionable ruler of Muscovy. This would also count for his heirs. Ivan IV  [19]   The formation of the very powerful and autocratic tsardom came to exist. With Ivan IV, grandson of the III, the word autocratic was no longer only a property of an independent ruler, it came to mean unlimited rule. Between 1565 and 1572, under Tsar Ivan the IV [the Terrible], none in Muscovys prosperous and important district was safe. The Tsar, for uncertain reasons, started killing advisers, government officials and the aristocrats (boyars/nobles) The peasants started moving away in fear their problems with unpayed taxes. In order to prevent them from moving, the Tsar started binding them to the land, bringing the russian peasantry closer and closer to legal serfdom. Boris Godunov  [20]   The consequence of such a fools rule was constant chaos from 1598 to 1613. Despite the frequent change of tsars, tsardom itself survived and was consolidated as peasantry went through a gradual enserfment. Boris Godunov (1551-1605), brother-in-law of Ivan IVs mentally ill heir to the throne, practically became the Tsar of Russia from 1584-1605. In 1597 a decree made by him to attach peaseants to the land on which they lived and worked with was set out. Peasants could no longer move from one landlord to another as they wanted. This was done in order to keep rural stability in Russia. Godunov formed serfdon in its most oppressive form, while at the same time the rest of Europe was getting rid of domestic serfdom. The Legal Code of 1649, which further legalised the attachment of serfs to the land, came about because the state prepared the serfs with land as presents of compensation for the new nobilities, the Dvoryanstvo, but also presents for acts of loyality and military service  [21]  The main factor in this development was the governments central bureaucracy, which had expanded significantly by the 1650s. There were many peasants who tried to run away, becoming fugitives. Anyhow, thousands upon thousands of Russians became enserfed and controlled by other Russians. It was in racial aspects different than the situation of the African slaves in the US. But, like slaves in America, the now legimite serfs also started making riots, some more serious than others. The tsar and the government managed to keep their power though, through the nobility, the Russian Orthodox Church and autocracy. Backwardness Peter the Great (1672-1725) indirectly separated the Russian serfs culturally from the Dvoryanstwo through his westernisation of Russia. He forced the nobility to wear Western dresses, tastes and social customs, splitting the Dvoryanstvo with serfdom even more. In 18th century Russia metallurgical and textile industries used serf labour, and practically all of agriculture used serfs. It was possible to maintain the country with this system of serfs, but from then on Imperial Russia would be backwarded compared to Western Europe with its Industrial Revolution. Russian serfs Russias westernisation was based upon the governing elites of Western Europe like e.g in France, but in 1789 with the French Revolution at hand, the Russian Tsar would not and could not keep contact with countries like France. When Tsar Nikolas I came to the throne he thought that all contact with Western Europe had to be sensured or stopped. The central tool of the Tsar was His Imperial Majestys Private Chancery. The Third Section was in charge of state security. Tsar Nicholas I (1825-1855) was especially afraid of revolts against him because of the Decembrist revolt in 1825. This was a military protest in St. Petersburg by Russian army officers and intellectuals who had been affected by liberalism in Western Europe, deriving mainly from France through the Napoleonic Wars. These officers had realised the backwardness of Tsarist autocracy, and now sought to abolish serfdom, as an obstacle to economic prosperity, and modernize Russia through western technical and philosophical ideas. This was, ironically, the same thing that Peter I had wanted to do. The problem this time was that the Tsars autocracy was at stake. Nikolas I regarded the West as his personal enemies, and therefore ordered the Third Section of his Chancery to use censorship and surveillance methods in order to strictly limit reports of events in Western Europe and to suppress criticism of domestic social conditions. The criticism revealed itself through works of people like Alexander Pushkin and Pyotr Chaadaev, but also through the plays of Nikolai Gogol, who satirised the institution of serfdom in his novel Dead Souls. This is highly similar to what was happening in the USA, where Slave narratives like Uncle Toms Cabinand other literary publications were written by the pro-abolitionists. These works were not censored like in Russia, due to the First Amendment in the United States Constitution Bill of Rights where it is written: Congress shall make no law(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦)abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. This also clearly shows how completely different the American and Russian society was. In 1858 there were 22.5 million serfs in the Russian countryside. Another 19 million where tied to lands owned by the state. 41.5 million out of a 74 million population  [22]  . The everyday life of a slave and serf in the 19th century While the white americans in the last part of the 19th century enjoyed a better standard of living than any other people on earth  [23]  , the black americans suffering was below criticism. In Russia conditions were of the medieval kind. The North of the USA was more industrialised, while the South continued their traditional farming. Of course, there was much farming in the North as well, but due to the industry they posessed, they produced almost 90% of the nations manufactured output in the 1850s. Slavery therefore existed only in the South, were there was a supposed need for it. In some defence of the South, only 25% of Southern families owned slaves. In Russia on the other hand, the whole country was based upon the vast countryside. Little industry existed, thus keeping Russian serfs intact on the fields. The number of serfs was naturally greater than the number of slaves. At least in the beginning of the 19th century auctioning was less brutal. Now dealers and owners advised against splitting up families. It still happened though, and many family members never saw each other again. The splitting up of families ended in Russia with a law of 1833. Most of the slaves were put to do the hard physical work on the cotton fields and farms. The white owners were most often performing hard work themselves, but the slaves were always inferior to them because in need for money slaves could be sold. In Russia the nobility didnt have to do the hard physical work. The simple and inferior serfs where to do it. Many slaves turned to Christianity and faith in God. In Russia, where the serfs were mainly Orthodox, the Church told people to withstand their hard conditions patiently. Still many, quite understandably, protested against their owners both through resistance to work and violence against them. In the US this often resulted in a visit to the Lashing House. The Lasher was a legally-appointed functionary to whom slaves were sent with just a letters notice from the owner as to how many lashes the slave was to recieve. This show that even though few people owned slaves in the South, most of them accepted it to rather big extents. Emancipations compared The abolishment of slavery in the USA and the emancipation of the serfs in Russia happened as a consequence of two wars. The American Civil War (1861-1865), where the blacks proved themselves through great acts of courage and valour, and the Crimean War (1853-1856), where Russian serf soldiers, even though brave, could not defeat the Western modern troops of Britain and France. The Civil War was to a significant extent the result of tensions between pro- and anti-slavery states, and as the war progressed slavery became the main theme. The Crimean War was the war of one supposed very strong power, Russia, verses Britain and France. Autocracy and serfdom against democracy and industrialisation. I find it very interesting to at this moment observe how the Civil War was about the neccesity of victory to abolish slavery, while the Crimean War resulted in defeat and pre-unintendedly led to emancipation of the serfs as the beginning of tremendous reforms. Note also that both wars and emancipations occurred at approximately the same time. Conclusion When we look upon how the United States of America and the Russian Empire came to be, there are practically no similarities, except the law making which defined slaves and serfs. By the mid-19th century slaves and serfs possesed almost the same identical status in their societies, which meant not possesing anything at all. The ethnical difference between slaves and serfs thus loses any significance. Both groups where human beings being oppressed by other human beings who acknowledged themselves as being superior. The everyday life of slaves and serfes were both characterised by bad conditions with practically no legal protection. Both slaves and serfs tried some form of riots, both groups consisted of runaways, and physical punishment happened if the owner wasnt satisfied. Suspicion and mistrust was an everyday reality. Both groups experienced auctioning and splitting up of families. Slaves and serfs alike were needed for agricultur in the rural parts of their respective countries. Slave and serf were understood to be inferior to their owners. There was, in quantity, more serfdom in Russia than there was slavery in the US, but in quality they experienced the same discrimination and unrightousness. Even though the slaves came from Africa, and lived as a minority in the USA, they ended up fighting like true heroes for their freedom in the American Civil War. The serfs of Russia where no minority, but actually the majority. They were Russians in bondage. A final comparing of slavery and serfdom would be to try to find out wheter it was worse in the USA or in Russia. I have come to the conclusion that it would be unwise to do so. Both systems consisted of people doing terrible acts against fellow people, black or white doesnt matter. This is also what we should learn from this history, and enlighen ourselves minds to fight this kind of atrocity to ever happen again.

Life of Paul Cuffee Essay

More than for 500 years, people of African origin have shaped the course of not only American but the history of the whole world. We are proud of many African-Americans that had put so much hard work to make our society as good and developed as it is nowadays. There are lots of Blacks, who are very famous for their deeds and deserve to be remembered as honorable society members, such as Phyllis Wheatley, Benjamin Banneker, Sojourner Truth, Harriet Jacobs and others . The main objective of this paper will be the analyses of life and work of Paul Cuffee. Paul Cuffee was born on the 17th of January on Chuttyhunk Island in Southeastern Massachusetts, as a free child and a son of an African father and Native American mother. His father, named Kofi, was a member of the West-African tribe known as Ashanti tribe in Ghana. He was captured there and brought to America when he was ten. He was made a slave of Ebenezer Slocum, a Quaker of Dartmouth, Massachusetts, but the skills of good carpenter helped Kofi (Cuffe) to buy his freedom. He even managed to educate himself and later married to Ruth Moses, who was a Wampanoag Indian from Massachusetts. The Native Americans were not enslaved, so their children were born free. Paul did not want to take the name of his father’s possessor and chose his father’s name, which was Cuffe (or Cuffee). His family also owned a 116-acre farm in Westport, which was very rare at that time as most of the other African people were enslaved. The family was large and counted ten children: six daughters and four sons (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). After the death of his father, Paul Cuffee, at the age of 16 and with the knowledge only of an alphabet, already had many ambitious dreams such as getting an education and having a career in shipping industry. The boy always showed a kinship to navigation, boatbuilding and trade. When he was a teenager he constructed small boats. This hobby ended in trading among the islands of Massachusetts (â€Å"Paul Cuffee (1759-1817)†, 2013). He started to do the job of an ordinary seaman on fishing and whaling boats – this was in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He was caught and held as a prisoner by British soldiers for three month during the Revolutionary War, but once he was released, he managed to start minor coastal trading. Paul bought some ships together with his sister’s husband Michael Wainer, who was a Native American. Because of his partner was afraid to sail big sea distances, in 1779 Cuffee tried to deliver the cargo to Nantucket alone, but he was waylaid by pirates. He continued to ship aboard a whaler owned by the Quaker merchants, prominent Rotch family and whalers of New Bedford. Despite the fact that pirates were very active those days and have attached the local sailors a lot, Paul’s business was prospering (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Cuffe’s business started to grow and he had enough money to built bigger vessels and successfully traded north to Labrador and south to Virginia (â€Å"Petition for Relief from Taxation†, 2013). Paul gathered rather big capital that helped him to expand his ownership and to get a fleet of ships. He commissioned the closed-deck boat, which could ship around 14-15 ton known as Box Iron. Just after that, another achievement that followed was a18-20 ton schooner. In the 1780s Paul already owned schooner Sun Fish and schooner Mary, which in total could transport cargo of approximately 65 tons. In 1796, just right after the mentioned schooners Sunfish and Mary were sold, Cuffee’s shipyard in Westport launched a 69-ton schooner known as Ranger. Eventually he could afford to buy a large farmstead and in 1799 he bought property in Westport for $3,500. Later he bought a half of the 162-ton barque Hero. Paul was so wealthy, that he maybe was one of the richest man among all Native American and African American of the in the United States of the 19th century (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Just a couple of weeks before the Revolution ended, Paul married Alice Pequit, who was also Wampanoag Indian, the same as Cuffee’s mother. This marriage brought seven children to Cuffe’s family: David, Sarah, Jonathan, Mary,John, Phebe, Ruth, Lydia, Freelove and Paul. On the 17th of January the youngest son was born. The child was biracial, but born free, as the two parents were not enslaved (Cordeiro, 2004). The Roch family and other successful merchants have inspired Paul to build his own empire, which was very successful. The crews that he employed were mainly African American and  Native American people. Eventually his ships were on both sides of the Atlantic. He opened an outlet in New Bedford, where he sold the goods that he imported (â€Å"Paul Cuffee (1759-1817)†, 2013). Being a businessman with an African American and Native American crews, Paul managed to earn the respect of many white Americans through the relationships in the Quaker faith. When Cuffee was twenty-one he refused to pay taxes. This protest was done along with his brother and lasted from 1778 till 1780. The main motivation for that was that free black Americans did not have the right to vote, but according to the governmental laws of that time, African Americans were taxed. He even petitioned the council of Bristol County in 1780, Massachusetts to put such taxation to an end. Despite the denial, later his petition was one of key factors that led to granting voting rights to all free male citizens by Legislature in 1783 (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Cuffee built a schoolhouse for African American children on his own property. He spent his money on that and it took him a couple of months to finish. After the school was built, Paul hired a knowledgeable teacher and opened the institution to the Westport residents. It was for kids, who were denied to visit other public schools. He implemented his own policy to the school’s administration, according to which children of all races were allowed to attend the studies, so the school was multiracial. This was just a beginning of a future fight against unfair treatment of the US and other governments towards the black people (Cordeiro, 2004). The majority of Anglo-Americans and English origin people considered African as lower race in comparison to Europeans, even in principally Calvinist and Quaker New England. Unfortunately the slavery continued, but some decent men like James Madison and Presidents Thomas Jefferson thought that colonies emigration of Blacks outside the US was the best and the easiest way to the fight the race problem in America (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Cuffee was involved not only in local activities. He played a crucial part in national and international events related Blacks in that time. Because of his successful business, Cuffee had contact all over the Atlantic seaboard, which connected the three important continents: Europe, North American and Africa (Cordeiro, 2004). Americans and Europeans put many efforts in all the parts of the world to colonize Black, but they were all unsuccessful. One of such attempts was related to Sierra Leone colonization. The Sierra Leone Company  was a main sponsor of 400 people departure from Great Britain to Western African colony. The colony was rebelling and wanted to create a working and competitive economy and a government, which would be strong enough to resist the outside pressure. Eventually the Sierra Leone Company collapsed and another institution known as African Institution was offering migration to the released slaves, which have settled in London and Nova Scotia after the American Revolution. The institution’s sponsors were hoping to get some economical benefit by fostering the educated trades of Blacks (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Despite the fact that it was very difficult to colonize Sierra Leone, Cuffee really believed that it was a vital option and supported the movement. At the beginning of the nineteenth century Paul started to cooperate with the mentioned African Institution, which was based in London (Cordeiro, 2004). In U.S. the organization was very active in Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New York. This all started in March 1807, when members of the institution encouraged him to help them. The main objective was to promote the immigration to Sierra Leone, a colony of Britain in West Africa. Cuffee was among those who recruited African Americans so they can settle there; he transported a big amount of families and explored the local economy trying to find ways of its improving. This was all mainly done for his own funds (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biog raphy†). Paul Cuffee wrote in his letters, that he really felt like going to Sierra Leone, he wanted to see the situation in the country. He believed that the inhabitants of that colony were talented people, which, as well as he did, deserved to feel the true light of Christianity and be benefited thereby (â€Å"Captain Paul Cuffe’s Logs and Letters†). Paul obtained a bill, given by the Committee of the Whole from the Senate and the President of the United States, which gave him a right to leave US with the cargo and come back with a cargo from Sierra Leone. He was nominated by government and had all the privilege to be treated properly (â€Å"History of Congress†). Cuffee studied all the logistics and the possible outcome, when finally on December in 1810 he left U.S. for his first voyage to Sierra Leone. He managed to get to the colony on the 1st of March in 1811. He was travelling all over the place to explore the local habits and economy in order to find the possibilities to development. He met the officials there, but they were against of the colonization idea, as they were afraid of American merchants, because this could create a lot of  unfair competition. Moreover, the cargo, which Cuffee intended to trade off, did not sell well as the tariff charges implemented by British trading system were too high. Eventually this did not stop Cuffee and on the 7th of April 1811 he made an appointment with key Black entrepreneurs. An outcome was that a special petition for the African Institution was written, which stated that people in the colony wanted to work in merchanting, whaling industry and agriculture. This indicated that those three areas were the main objective of the future growth and development of the colony. Cuffee together with the black businessmen set the Friendly Society foundation in Sierra Leone. Its main aim was to ensure further prosperity and industry development among all free peoples. Another area to work on was related to breaking the strong merchants trade established there by British. Cuffee decided to go to UK in order to make sure that colony will get further aid. He arrived to Liverpool in July 1811. There he met the officials of the African Institution in London, who collected some funds for the Friendly Society. He also obtained further required governmental license and permissions to continue his delegation in Sierra Leone. Paul was happy to come back to the West African colony where he shared the ideas of the Friendly Society with the local merchants. Together they elaborated plans for Sierra Leone to grow by building a saw mill, grist mill, salt works and rice-processing factory. Later Cuffee was involved with similar venture, which was backed by Americans and let to creation of the American Colonization Society and colony in Liberia (Cordeiro, 2004). During that period of history the relations between the Great Britain and United States were strained, which led to embargo establishment on British goods in 1811. This had somehow a negative outcome on Cuffee’s voyage, as when in April 1812 he reached Newport on his ship, it was usurped by U.S. customs officers along with all its cargo. This case was not being resolved locally, so Paul Cuffee left to Washington, D.C. to file an official appeal to his case. In the White House he met with the President James Madison and Albert Gallatin, who was a Secretary of the Treasury in that time. Cuffee was warmly welcomed and treated there. Madison was on his side and later ordered to release the goods, based on the information that Cuffee did not know about the political disagreements and did not deliver the goods with the intention to violate any laws. Cuffee shared his observations and experience, which he gained  during his trip to Sierra Leone. First the President seemed to be very interested in further expansion of the colony in Africa, but eventually he refuses to participate in Cuffee’s further investigations, as he saw this mission not possible because of too many problems and obstacles that U.S. will be facing during further attempts of Sierra Leone colonization. This was all related to the fact that it was initially fully British project. Still Cuffee obtained a legal permission to become an official authority on Africa in the United States. Cuffee had clear intentions to visit Great Britain’s colony of Sierra Leone on a regular basis, but his plans were interrupted because of the sudden War of 1812, which started in June and was a war between the British Empire and the United States. This prevented Paul from visiting the colony for a while. Despite the fact that Cuffee was opposed the war because of his Christian beliefs, he was really against any interruptions that could have been caused by war and resulted as an impact on trading and goods delivery from Sierra Leone. The war continued, so Cuffee took a change to convince U.S and Great Britain to ease restrictions on trading. Unfortunately this was unsuccessful and he waited until the war ended in 1815 (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Meanwhile, Paul remained an active political life and paid a couple of visits to Philadelphia, Baltimore and New York, where he spoke to groups of free African Americans about the colony. He encouraged Blacks to create organizations within their cities, to talk to each other and to have a correspondence with the Friendly Society at Sierra Leone and the African Institution. A special pamphlet with the ideas of Paul Cuffee related to Sierra Leone was printed at that time and distributed to general public. He rebuilt the Westport Friends’ Meeting House in summer of 1813, which was a meeting house for the multi-racial members of the Society of Friend, where Cuffee spoke and preached regularly on a Sunday meetings. Most of the money for that was coming from Cuffee’s personal funds. It is important to mention that war impacted Cuffee’s business and during that year he facial financial crisis. He has a number of unprofitable ventures related to ships. One vessel was considered unseaworthy and has never returned from Chile. Luckily the war ended and the Treaty of Ghent was signed at the end of 1814. After some time taken to recover, Paul was prepared to go back to Sierra Leone (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). The first ship with thirty-eight Blacks shipped from Westport  on December 10, 1815. Among the passengers were 18 adults and 20 children (Cordeiro, 2004). The price of organization of that expedition was $5000. Eighty percents of those expenses were covere d by Cuffee. The rest was paid by passengers and with the help of donation by William Rotch from Massachusetts. The colonist arrived to the colony with their own belongings such as hoes, axes, wagon and a plow, but they were not treated as well as it was expected by Cuffee. This was related to the fact that Governor was facing difficulties in keeping the existing population in order, which could have even worsen the situation if more emigrant have arrived. Moreover, the act known as the Militia Act was imposed upon the colony and obliges males to swear of loyalty to the Crown. People had concerns, because it could have been an obligation to go to military service. Despite the negative outcome related to economical benefits and sales, the positive was the fact that colonist have finally settles in Freetown. Cuffee spent lots of money by supporting the new inhabitants with money for the first year’s provisions. It was planned initially that Cuffee will be reimbursed by the African Institution, but due to heavy tariff duties there was a big deficit in the budget. Actually Paul was never given money by the African Institution in Britain. After coming back to USA in 1816, Cuffee searched for financial support from New York’ division of the American Institution and has eventually obtained $439.62 for further investments into Sierra Leone’s colonists (â€Å"A Paul Cuffe Biography†). Soon in1816, Cuffee proposed a newly-designed emigration plan for African Americans, which was related not only to Sierra Leone but also possibly to Haiti. Provide funds. Congress did not approve the petition to provide funds for that. People all over U.S. have started to show more and more interest in immigration to Africa, believing that it would help to solve the racial problems. Cuffee was trying to find support from other institutions, but some of them were not honest, such as American Colonization Society (ACS) , which was alarmed as a racist organization. The ideas were supported by many other Americans, but later they turned in favor of emigration to Haiti, where the immigrants were welcomed and supported by the President Boyer Since 1817 Cuffee was not feeling himself well and has never visited Africa again. He died in September of that year surrounded by his family and friends. Cuffee was buried at the Quaker Meeting House near Westport (Cordeiro, 2004). To  conclude, it should be mentioned that Cuffee was and is considered one of the greatest persons in African-American history. He was a first African-American who had a success in implementation of ideas of Blacks. He fought the existing racism of that time with the help of tolerant and Christian methods. Not only he opposed himself, but he also managed to dwell public attention to the current situation with Blacks, which helped people a lot. He was a successful businessman, who could have had just a happy and calm life, but spent his time and effort to explore Sierra Leone, donated his own money to make the life of immigrants there as good as possible and helped in many other ways to people. I think this person is worth to be admired and remembered thought all future generations of the world. References A Paul Cuffe Biography. (n.d.) SlideShare, Inc. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/rbgstreetscholar1/a-paul-cuffe-biography Paul Cuffee (1759-1817). (2013). Paul Cuffee School. Retrieved from http://www.paulcuffee.org/about/mission-history/paul-cuffee/ Petition for Relief from Taxation. (2013). Abstract. Pearson Education. Retrieved from http://www.infoplease.com/t/hist/cuffe-taxation-petition/ Cordeiro, B.N. (2004). Paul Cuffe: A Study of His Life and the Status of His Legacy in Old Dartmouth. Boston, MA: University of Massachusetts Boston. Retrieved from http://paulcuffe.home.comcast.net/~paulcuffe/Paul_Cuffe_Thesis_by_Brock_Cordeiro.pdf Captain Paul Cuffe’s Logs and Letters. (n.d.). Estimed froends John James and Alexander Wilson. Westport 6 mo 10th 1809. Paul Cuffee. Retrieved from http://atlanticslaverydebate.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/shared/ASD/Module2/InitialCrrspdnceCuffe1809.pdf History of Congress. (n.d.). A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Co ngressional Documents and Debates, 1774 – 1875. The Library of Congress. Retrieved from http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llac&fileName=027/llac027.db&recNum=221

Mapp vs. Ohio Cort Case

Mapp V Ohio â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,† Mapp V. Ohio (1961) dealt with that very sentence of the constitution. Were the officers at fault or Mapp? This complex question has a complex answer one that puzzled the Supreme Court and led to a change in criminal procedure. The verdict was a strict interpretation of the constitution. The fourth amendment was relevant because the fourteenth amendment grunted due process. It was a very good decision, it protected the black minority who at the time were being routinely harassed and convicted for no reasons. This decision certainly did not stop that but it made it harder for the police to seize evidence unlawfully and put a stop to bad practice of law at the state level. The land mark Supreme Court ruling on Mapp v Ohio changed the way people thought of the fourth amendment and how it could be applied to protect the individual form unlawful search and seizure. Previously the law surrounding the fourth amendment’s protection from unjust searches was extremely enigmatic. Its application varied form case to case until the Weeks rule was enacted in 1914. The Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained via an illegal search and seizure was not admissible in federal court. However the Supreme Court did not make the states adopt the Weeks rule. The legal loop hole it created made it legal for states to present and prosecute with evidence detained in an unconstitutional tactic. In Mapp v Ohio a case that brought all the questions into the spotlight. On May 23, 1957, three Cleveland police officers arrived at appellant's residence in that city perusing information that â€Å"a person [was] hiding out in the home, who was wanted for questioning in connection with a recent bombing, and that there was a large amount of policy paraphernalia being hidden in the home. † Ms. Mapp was living with her daughter when the police officers arrived and demanded entrance to her home. After consulting her attorney she did not allow them in without a warrant. The officer’s left leaving one man to watch the house. Three hours later the police came back with more officers. After breaking down the door they brandished a piece of paper they claimed to be a warrant. Mapp snatched the piece of paper and stuffed it down her shirt. After a short altercation the â€Å"warrant† was retrieved. Immediately following the confrontation the officers’ embarked on a top to bottom search of the Mapp residence. They found no evidence of the gambling equipment or the suspect in the recent bombing. Frustrated with the fruitless search the police focused on a suitcase they found tucked under a bed. Inside the suitcase were a small collection of pornographic pictures and magazines. In Cleveland it is illegal to possess obscene materials. She was tried and convicted of possession of obscene materials. The constitutional question is whether or not the rights of the fourth amendment are viable in state courts. The fourth amendment gives the people the right to privacy and protects them from unlawful searches and seizures. When the Warren court ruled in favor of Mapp, Justice Clark cited two constitutional amendments that protected Ms. Mapp. â€Å"Since the Fourth Amendment's right of privacy has been declared enforceable against the States through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth, it is enforceable against them by the same sanction of exclusion as is used against the Federal Government. He reasoned that because the states had to abide by the fourth amendment’s right to privacy then the exclusionary rule should also be applied to state courts. Clark also addressed the concern of letting a criminal go when he or she is legally not guilty because of the excusatory rule, â€Å"it is the law that sets him free† and that â€Å"nothing can destroy a government more quickly than its failure to observe its own laws. † The law must be observed in all instances where it is viable. In the case of Mapp v Ohio the Warren court overturned her conviction by a vote of 6-3. Justice Clark wrote the decision and argued because the fourteenth amendment guaranteed protection in state court then the fourth amendment excusatory rule was clearly enforceable in state court. Clark cited the fat that 26 states had already adopted the excusatory rule. The Supreme Court could no longer trust the state courts to manage themselves. With discrimination and ill practice extensively practiced throughout the states the population was becoming tired of it. The bulk of society was ready for this ruling years before it occurred. Justice Clark had a history of dealing with fourth amendment cases ruling in favor of the defendant in United States v. Jeffers. The counter argument to the verdict was described by commentators as â€Å"the most significant limitation ever imposed on state criminal procedure by the Supreme Court in a single judgment. † Clamming that â€Å"justice would be obstructed and limited by procedure† The court’s decision to find Mapp innocent was a liberal ruling. When the ruling was made many police officers did not respect blacks. Mapp was a black women and that was a big part of the case. In that time it was acceptable to search and seize Negros belongings without a warrant and it was done on a regular basis. It was liberal because it protected the minority taking power away from state governments and greatly limiting the ability for the police to gather evidence in unlawful ways. When the verdict came to fruition many of the states fighting this verdict were also heavily opposed to the Brown vs. Board of Education case. The connection being that these racist states were worried blacks would gain rights and they would no longer be able to seize their belongings unlawfully. Once again this law took power away from these racist state governments and gave power to the blacks who were regularly- being harassed and having there belongings searched and seized. Illegal search and seizure has been an issue that plagued the court system for years. Flurries of cases were brought to the Supreme Court before and after Mapp vs. Ohio case. Many cases were decided in favor of illegal evidence being applicable in court. Such as Carroll v. United States 267 U. S. 132 (1925) a case that denied the suppression of evidence because it was illegally seized. George Carroll and John Kiro were arrested for the transportation of alcohol in violation of the Volstead Act (national alcohol prohibition) and subsequently convicted. The Supreme Court upheld the decision by a vote of 6-2. Weeks v. United States 232 U. S. 383 (1914) created the excusatory rule and was the first trial where evidence was deemed to be not viable in court because of the way it was gathered. The excusatory rule has been dumbed down a lot from its original scope and applications, several cases have limited the fourth amendment in court. United States v. Calandra, 414 U. S. 338 (1974) limited the rule by allowing evidence to be used to convict a man who was a loan shark. They had a warrant to search and seize gambling paraphilia, when an officer discovered and seized several documents relating to a loan shark operation. When he was being tried for this offense Calandra attempted to suppress the evidence because it was not specified in the warrant. The Supreme Court ruled that it was appropriate for use in the court. Justice Powel mad the decision, Powell limited the scope of the exclusionary rule in holding that it did not limit the government's ability to use illegally seized evidence in â€Å"all proceedings or against all persons†. Holding that the duties of a grand jury would be substantially hindered by allowing a witness to invoke the exclusionary rule while offering only a minimal limiting effect on police misconduct. Although no cases completely overturned the Mapp v. Ohio ruling several more cases did limit the power of the rule in favor of the greater good and not allowing criminals to walk because of a procedural issue. The overall impact of Mapp v. Ohio is immeasurable. The American people won a victory for privacy and seriously limited police’s ability to gather evidence. This was a good interpretation of the constitution. The fourteenth amendment clearly states that everyone is entitled to the due process of law, â€Å"nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. † Thus making the fourth amendment applicable in state courts.

pain assesment essays

pain assesment essays Running head: PAIN ASSESSMENT IN YOUNG CHILDREN The Wisconsin Childrens Hospital Pain Scale for Preverbal Children: A Descriptive Study Experiences of Nurses Using the University of Wisconsin Childrens Hospital Pain Scale for Preverbal Children: A Descriptive Study Most patients in the hospital setting experience pain. Pain is a subjective phenomenon that varies from person to person. The most relied upon indicator of pain is a patients verbal report of the pain, but what happens when the patient cannot verbalize his pain? This is the case with infants and other nonverbal patients. They experience pain but are unable to tell a nurse where it hurts, how it hurts, and the intensity to which it hurts. OConner-Von (2000) stated "if self-report is not available, physiologic or behavioral measures must be used" (p. 1), and "nurses are the key health care personnel responsible for continuous assessment in children in the health care setting" (p. 1). Nurses need a reliable and continuous means of pain assessment for the preverbal population. A study of the pediatric pain practices of national health professionals showed that only twenty percent of the sample used a behavioral assessment scale (Broome, Richtsmeier, Maikler, s report as to whether or not the patient was in pain. While this method of pain assessment can be accurate, it can also vary widely between nurses as no two nurses have the same perception or as...

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays

Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essays Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Comparisons Between Two Movie Trailers Essay Both the trailers of Gladiator and Pokemon show their titles at the end. This gives a dramatic line up towards the title. Both titles are shown very well. There are loud thumps and the fonts of the titles make connection to its background and sound effects. In the trailers, this happens with all the big names including actors and directors. Both Gladiator and Pokemon are action packed, so their genres are action-adventure. The trailer of Gladiator, however, shows more violence in terms of blood and gore. On the other hand, Pokemon shows the kind of violence that is suitable for children. The older, more mature person may find the trailer of Pokemon less interesting, as firstly it shows bright colours in two- dimensional characters therefore being a cartoon, and secondly, all cartoons are based at children and he or she may find the trailer childish and boring. Even though the trailer of Gladiator shows more violence, the two trailers are similar in the way they show their action packed parts. The visual effects in each trailer show tiny flashes or linkages that bring the next frame to sight. The audio effects also make the audience more aware of what type of film it is. Gladiator starts with loud, heavy drum beats that are very powerful and helps notice what kinds of things the trailer is going to possess. From these drum beats there are louder sections of music, which match with the visuals. Together, we notice that the trailer will show action. In Pokemon, there is a heavy voice over which easily gives away the movie genre. As the voice has a powerful, calling effect, we not only notice what type of genre the trailer will show, but we also notice how demanding the trailer becomes because of it. For example, it is as if a person is calling you from the kitchen to come and see the trailer. Also, the music in the back fits in with the low voice and together they form the ultimate dynamic duos. Gladiator has an obvious unique selling point. It is Russell Crowe. Throughout each frame we see parts that link in with Russell Crowe. When we are told that Russell Crowe is starring in the film, by his name coming up in a black screen, we are straight after shown a mid shot from a camera pointing up at Russell Crowe in a mise en scene. This gives an overpowering effect and tells the audience that this is one of his movies where he means business. Even more, people who watch over trailers will see that in the last frame of the trailer, the name Russell Crowe appears before the title itself. This is called an A list and shows that Russell Crowe is the main actor of the film. The unique selling point of the Pokemon trailer is somewhat different to an actual man in Gladiator. As visual effects of the trailer are always based on Pokemon, we know that the unique selling point cannot be anything else but the title of the trailer itself. The Pokemon craze was very well set up. When it spread to western countries including England, every child had to watch Pokemon television programmes, have their own set of Pokemon cards, toys and videos. When the trailer was released every child had to go and see the movie it brought with it. So the unique selling point is far less materialised, but is the actual Pokemon craze itself. In the Pokemon trailer, although we are made to believe the fight is between Mew and Mewtwo, we see many of the Pokemon in trailer wandering about or in the battles themselves. But even then we see that the craze is far more powerful than any other specific unique selling point. Therefore by analysing both the genres of the trailers and their unique selling points we are able to see the target audiences that the directors are selecting. The target audiences for Gladiator are those who enjoy blood and gore, and those that like or would die for Russell Crowe. Target audiences for the Pokemon trailer are those who enjoy cartoons and those who are mentally and physically obsessed with the Pokemon itself i.e. children. We can say mentally and physically because of the Pokemon craze. By mentally, I mean those children or people who enjoy watching and thinking about Pokemon. By physically, I mean those children or people who like collecting Pokemon toys and cards. In addition to the less detailed trailers, the Pokemon trailer is clever in the way that it involves its target audience: Bring all YOUR skill. This allows the target audience to be allowed to have permission to feel like they are in an actual arena instead of feeling as if they are in the same old cinem a. All movies have some kind of an advertisement. An advertisement is the act of advertising or making something known, in this case the movie, using any means of device, for obtaining public notice or notoriety. Whether it be a trailer or a poster, the whole point of them are to lure people who enjoy the kind of setting it portrays (target audience). All advertisements have their target audiences, unique selling points, genre, and show who directed the film, who acts in the film and has to show the title of the film. The adverts have visual and audio effects, which portray these subjects. As both of the trailers show these subjects very well with special effects, both the trailers were known for their class and showings of these subjects. For example, this year at the Oscars, Gladiator was awarded best picture and picked up four other Oscars as well. Russell Crowe was awarded best leading actor for his appearances in his movie premier, Gladiator. The other Oscars the movie won were Best costume design, sound and visual effects. This shows that because of the vast amount of publicity that the advertisements of Gladiator brought, so many people went to see the movie, that in the end it was awarded all those Oscars.