Education in America Essay

Education is a hot topic in the news and for most American citizens. They are preoccupied with the level of education their loved one are receiving. With the deficit being the cornerstone of much of government funding, agencies are feeling the cutbacks, and education is no exception. States have made steep cuts to education funding since the start of the recession. In many states, those cuts deepened over the last year. Elementary and high schools are receiving less state funding in the 2012-13 school year than they did last year in 26 states, and in 35 states school funding now stands below 2008 levels-often far below (Oliff, Mai, & Leachman, 2012). Lack of government funding for education can lead to other issues such as well qualified teachers leaving the profession due to lack of good pay, and benefits. Other issues includes lack of school material that is needed to teach successfully in the classrooms, and teacher’s assistants to help. In other classrooms teachers are feeling overwhelmed and leaving students to take responsibility for their learning experience. Still other issues derive from a lack of funding such as a lack of finances to assist special needs students. The lack of government funding could deter learning for students that are already struggling Analysis of Education in Georgia Georgia like many other states are negatively affected by the budget cuts for education. Georgia will lose approximately $28. 6 million in funding for primary and secondary education, putting around 390 teacher and aide jobs at risk. In addition about 54,000 fewer students would be served and approximately 80 fewer schools would receive funding. In addition, Georgia will lose approximately $17. 5 million in funds for about 210 teachers, aides, and staff who help children with disabilities (Burns, 2013). These persistent budget cuts are an injustice because all students deserve a well-rounded education. Educators are leaving In addition, teachers are leaving the classroom in massive groves to find employment in other careers because of the lack of government funding. Sadly, many teachers are leaving their beloved classrooms to pursue other ventures because of budget cuts, or because they are put in a situation of distress due to budget cuts, so either way our children are losing the battle of education, and good teachers are optioning for other career choices. Nationally, the average turnover for all teachers is 17 percent, and in urban school districts specifically, the number jumps to 20 percent, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. The National Commission on Teaching and America’s Future proffers starker numbers, estimating that one-third of all new teachers leave after three years, and 46 percent are gone within five years (Kopkowski, 2013). Stakeholders The stakeholders in education includes the students, parents, teachers, principals, student advisors, the PTA, etc. , any person or organization that has a vested interest in the students and their education. When the education systems fails, we all fail as a country. The future of education is a looming reminder of the importance of financial funding from the federal government. When budget cuts interfere with the future of students, it is time to make some tough choices. Although there are other programs that need federal funding to keep their agencies successful, education should still be given top priority. The stakeholders invest in the future of the young by teaching, advising, mentoring, and in some cases funding. Their valuable input is mandatory in the fight for survival for educational funding. The stakeholders have much to lose when the educational system fails. When this happens, dropout rates and unemployment rises which adversely affects the economy. Summary Children are truly our future, and illiterate children have nothing positive to offer. The demise of education in the America is taking a heavy toll on each of us, the parents, the student, and the teachers, we all suffer. Frustration often leads to failure when it is not dealt with in a professional and timely manner. Not only are the students feeling the pressure of ill equipped schools, but the teachers are also feeling the pressure. Many teachers buy supplies for their classroom from their already shrinking checks because they do not have proper funding to supply their classroom needs. Tough decisions need to be made in allocating funds to agencies that are in dire need of funding. Education is vital for the future of America, and the government is wise to realize that this is one budget cut that is not beneficial to anyone involved.

One Proposed Maxim as a Universal Law Essay

1. State your proposed act as a maxim: â€Å"I will take ZAR 620 000 000.00 (A) when I’ve done a year’s work (C) in order to get really, really rich (E).† 2. Restate this maxim as a universal law; â€Å"All people (7 billion of them) will take ZAR 620 000 000.00 when they’ve done a year’s work in order to get really, really rich.† 3.Ask whether your maxim is conceivable in a world ruled by the universal law; In a real world if individuals earned 620million for a years worth of work there are bound to be huge increases of income and spending going around the markets. A downfall of the economy will occur due to business halt in the competing of prices. People will be greedy and will want everything that money could possibly buy which will result in shortages of products and services. Market demand and supply will cease to exist. In conclusion, this maxim is not conceivable in the real world ruled by universal law. 4. Ask whether you would rationally act on your maxim in such a world. IF I had to earn 620million one years worth of work, I would honestly be over indulging and over spending money on unnecessary material items and food. Eventually I would be following an unhealthy lifestyle resulting in many health related problems like stress, obesity and so forth. Of course I would be really rich! But what would my purpose be thereafter? I therefore would never act rationally in such a world. Step 2: Form an opinion On the basis of your analysis, answer the following questions: †¢What would Kant probably have said about Whitey Bassons (or you) earning ZAR 620,000,000.00? (You might want to do a bit of research into the nature of Whitey Basson’s 2010 earnings). According to Kants theory this would be categorized as morally binding. A talented guy like bassoon is terribly rare. I think that this earnings would be seen as an imperfect duty, because this depends on the preference of humankind. Whitey Basson cultivated his own talent by investing his good education and remarkable people skills into building the business and making it the most successful one today. Kant would therefore accept the earnings for whitey has not stolen from anyone or broken any rules. He reaped the rewards of his benefits. †¢What do you think about Whitey Basson (or you) earning ZAR 620,000,000.00? However, It is unfair to look at them as one year’s income, as those were earned over 40 years. So he deserved to be paid a huge amount for his enormous talent and knowledge in  growing the business into a successful one. They make 50m-60m sales a month in seven jurisdictions. It is fair to be rewarded for such hard work and dedication but not in such large percentage increases especially when the state of the economy is not as rapid as the percentage increase in income. †¢Why do you think this? These figures make no sense of the argument that companies need to pay such vast amounts in order to retain top skills, because more than 20 of the top 100 highest paid executives in 2010 are no longer in their positions today. According to a source â€Å"Figures proved that South Africa was a rich country, but the distribution of that wealth left just 20 people owning R112.2 billion, while 48 percent of South Africans were living below the poverty level of R322 a month. Sixteen percent of employed workers earned less than R500, 33.4 percent earned less than R1 000 and 60 percent earned less than R2 500 a month†

Broadening Your Prospective Essay Example for Free

Broadening Your Prospective Essay 1. Compute the activity-based overhead rate for each activity cost pool. Activity-based overhead is determined by dividing estimated overhead by the estimated cost drivers. Activity cost Pool Estimated Overhead /Cost drivers=ACB Overhead Rate Market analysis 1,050,00015,000$70 Product Design2,350,0002,500$940 Product development3,600,00090$40,000 Prototype testing1,400,000500$2,800 2. How much cost would be charged to an in-house manufacturing department that consumed 1,800 hours of market analysis time, was provided 280 designs relating to 10 products, and requested 92 engineering tests? The total charged to an in-house manufacturing department would be $1,046,800. This dollar amount is determined by multiplying the overhead rates of each activity to the amount consumed for that activity and added together for a total. (1,800*70= 126,000), (280*940=263,200) (10*40,000=400,000), (2,800*92=257,600) 3. How much cost would serve as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an outside company on a contract that would consume 800 hours of analysis time, require 178 designs relating to 3 products, and result in 70 engineering tests? $539,320 would serve as the basis for pricing an R&D bid with an outside company because that dollar amount is the breakeven point. (800*70=56,000), (178*940=167,320), (3*40,000= 120,000), (70*2,800=196,000) 4. What is the benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based costing to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes? The benefit to Ideal Manufacturing of applying activity-based costing to its R&D activity for both in-house and outside charging purposes is it will allow the company to gain control of the operating costs of the department. Activity-based costing allows a company to appropriately assign overhead head cost. For example, Ideal manufacturing activities fell into four pools and activity-based costing helped the company to properly allocate its overhead dollars. Under using or over using overhead dollars means the company has to supplement those funds from or to another activity which is a waste to the company. The basis of activity-based costing is to assign cost only to those activities of a product that is actually using the activity in essences cutting costs. This is not only a benefit to Ideal Manufacturing but to any company that is looking to become more efficient and effective. Broadening Your Prospective. (2016, Apr 26). r-prospective-essay We will write a custom sample essay on Broadening Your Prospective specifically for you

Managerial Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Managerial Accounting - Essay Example This money would be classified as cash until the salaries are actually paid. At that point, salaries would come upon a specific salary section on the balance sheet or may even be considered a business expense and taken of the balance sheet altogether. 2) a) The predetermined overhead rate for the year is $5 per direct labor hour. (Manufacturing Overhead/ Direct Labor-hours) ($80,000/ 16,000) = $5 per direct labor hour. b) The amount of overhead charged to jobs during the year is $75,000. (Actual direct labor-hours * Predetermined overhead rate) (15,000 * $5) = $75,000 c) The amount of underapplied or overapplied overhead for the year is $3,000 underapplied. (Actual overhead costs – Applied overhead costs) ($78,000 - $75,000) = $3,000 d) The unit cost that would appear on the job cost sheet for Job #315 is $59. (Direct Materials + Direct Labor + Overhead applied)/ 100. ($1,500 + $2,400 + $2,000) = $5,900. $5,900/ 100 = $59. 3) $20,000 + $201,000 = $221,000. $221,000 - $35,000 = $186,000 4) a) TVC = $118,008/ 2,400 = $49.17. $49.17 * 2,500 = $122,925 b) TFC = $9,000/ 2,400 = $3.75. $3.75 * 2,500 = $9,375 c) TC = $122,925 + $9,375 = $132,300 d) AVC = $122,925/ 2,500 = $49.17 e) AFC = $9,375/ 2,500 = $3.75 f) ATC = $49.17 + $3.75 = $52.92 5) Sales = Variable expenses + Fixed expenses + Desired Profit $170Q = $39.10 + $641,410 + $65,450 $130.90 = $706,860 Q = $706,860/ $130.90 per unit Q = 5,400 units 6) The absorption costing net operating income for last year was $66,600. Inventory increased by 900 units. Fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit was $3. 900 units * $3 = $2,700. Absorption cost equals variable costing net operating income times the total inventory cost. $63,000 + $2,700 = $66,600. 7) Activity-based costing is used to identify activities in an organization and assigns costs to an activity based on the actual consumption of an activity. The benefit to this type of costing model is that each activity is separate from the other and it is easie r to see which areas are performing well and which areas are performing not so well. The five levels of an activity-based cost system typically are unit-level activities, batch-level activities, product-level activities, organization-sustaining activities, and customer-level activities. The first three levels of activities are all different stages of production. Each stage of production is broken down so that it can be seen what can be cut back on. The fourth and fifth activities have more to do with management of the organization. Organization-sustaining activities are those that affect the employees of an organization, while customer-level activities deal with how customers perceive an organization to

The Petrochemical Industries in Qatar Research Paper

The Petrochemical Industries in Qatar - Research Paper Example The two products have made the country to be the second highest per capita income country in the world. It has 26 trillion cubic metres of natural gas reserves. Oil and natural gas exports are the main source of income generation. Its firm policy in the field of economy is to expand the sources of income and try to make the economic growth stable by making use of its natural resources and developing gas field and petrol chemical industries. The country has had success in the establishment and the operation of a massive industrial base. This has led to the country becoming the major producer of natural liquefied gas and other petroleum products. This has boosted the country’s income and the development of its economic structures. Oxidation coupling of methane is one of the methods used in petrol chemicals in Qatar. There are different technologies that are used in its operation. This paper will look at the technologies and each of the pros and cons of the technologies. In conclusion, the best technology that should be used in Qatar chemical industries will be recommended. One of the processes is the oxidation of methane enhanced by thermally optimised reactors and immediate separation. There are a few conversion schemes of methane which have a capacity to offer a simple and economic production of liquid fuels that are transportable from many natural gas fields in the world. For example, production of C2 hydro carbons by oxidising methane has been restricted because it has a low yield. In order to solve this problem, a system known as novel multi bed system has been designed by mesoscopic devices. This offers a low cost and high yield oxidation. This also assists in applying the same design in other processes of oxidation resulting in the same benefits. There is also increase in conversion and selectivity for the oxidation coupling of methane. (Tonkovich 1993) However economic practicability of oxidation coupling of methane should have a high activity

Diseases and Disorders of the ear and eye Assignment

Diseases and Disorders of the ear and eye - Assignment Example The paper gives correct and brief answers that help you to learn the material or to prepare for the exam. Describe the three separate parts of the ear. Answer: The three separate parts of the ear are external ear, middle ear and inner ear. The external ear comprises of the auricle, the auditory canal and the drumhead. The middle ear is made up of the ear tube, the mastoid and its ear cells. The inner ear comprises of the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth. The external ear is mainly involved in receiving sound impulses and transmitting it forward. The middle ear is also a conduction system. Differentiate between the two primary types of glaucoma. Answer. The two primary types of glaucoma include open angle glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma. A high intraocular pressure is characteristic of both the types. Open angle glaucoma has a greater frequency of occurrence and it is characterized by a gradual blockage of the drainage of the eye. The angle of the iris and cornea is open and not very narrow and thus it presents chronically. Angle closure glaucoma on the other hand is acute because of the narrowing of the angle that exists between the iris and the cornea. Name the etiologic factors of macular degeneration. Answer: Macular degeneration is mainly an age related pathology which results in complete loss of vision in developed nations. Although no definite causes for the condition have been identified but smoking of cigarettes, raised blood pressure and genetics are known to play a role.

Critical Analysis of Company Value Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Analysis of Company Value Chain - Essay Example The firm has communicated the standards required, an aspect that has improved the strategic relationship with the suppliers. Starbucks operations are undertaken in more than 65 countries across the world. According to the company’s profile, there are 8870 subsidiaries that are operated by the company across the world. Moreover, there are approximately 8000 stores that have been licensed to operate on behalf of the company. Starbucks’ outbound logistics involves selling products through its stores without the use of the intermediaries. However, currently, some of the company products are being sold through various leading supermarkets in the country. Starbucks, mainly depend on the word-of-mouth to market its products and services. This is achieved through provision of high quality products that meets the tastes and preferences of the target market (Dijk, Trienekens, & European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes 2012). Nevertheless, in some cases, the company gives prospecting customers an opportunity to sample the products. Furthermore, the company uses audio, visual, and print media in order to reach the target market. This plays a significant role in attracting the customers towards the company’s products. The company’s main objective is driven from its mission statement. It entails providing quality and superior level customer services. Subordinates are encouraged to put more focus towards the satisfaction of the customers. This has been critical to the overall success of the company. Storage is one initiative that costs Starbucks a lot of money. In many cases, the firm is forced to store excess products in anticipation for better prices. The costs of electricity, administration, and maintenance of the stores increases the overall costs of production. However, in order to reduce the costs of storage, the company can contract a logistic company to operate its stores. This is

Weeks v. United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Weeks v. United States - Essay Example The police had entered his house without a warrant and searched through his personal property. Finding objects, namely papers, that they felt would lead to a conviction, they confiscated the personal property of Weeks, later using it against him during the trial. The evidence that the police had obtained proved vital in leading to a conviction. However, Weeks, in a stand for his rights filed a complaint, bringing to light this violation. The case reached the Supreme Court, who decided that Weeks’ rights had indeed been violated by the illegal search and seizure of his property and that the resulting decision should be reversed (Weeks vs. U.S., 1914). Now there are many who would argue on behalf of the exclusionary rule. For example, the exclusionary rule has often been considered a candidate for abolishment but it has been argued that â€Å"the drive to abolish the exclusionary rule is fundamentally misguided on constitutional grounds, for the rule can and should be justified on separation of power principals, which conservatives generally support† (Lynch, 1998). However, the constitution was established to uphold principals that the founding fathers believed were important to the country. No doubt, they did not envision a place where the truth could be suppressed and criminals could get away with crimes due to issues of ‘red tape’. The exclusionary rule has the ability to suppress the truth. In fact, this rule is not actually contained in the constitution but is said to be derived from the constitution. As it has been reported, â€Å"the justices who announced the rule viewed it is as judicially implied but constitutionally mandated† (Seligman, 2010). However, what is brought forth through implication is subject to perception, and so arguable. Any instance where those proven guilty beyond a doubt can get away is an issue that needs to be examined and reformed. Otherwise, the law can become meaningless and void; its powers without effect. In

What are the relative health impacts of using (i) Arsenic- Essay

What are the relative health impacts of using (i) Arsenic- contaminated groundwater and (ii) surface waters as drinking waters in Bangladesh. Should Bangladesh - Essay Example Delete the irrelevant things and add on more useful words.I really appreciated that you did not plagiarised,and make sure you do this again in your new work.And pls make the dissertation more academic.Im looking forward to receiving your new work.Do not let me down please.Thank you! Â   My research proposal is based on the relative health impacts of using Arsenic contaminated groundwater and surface waters as drinking waters in Bangladesh and to know if Bangladesh can use treated water as drinking water. Ground water is one of the chief drinking water foundation in Bangladesh. Ground water pollution by arsenic has previously taken grave turn in Bangladesh. According to accessible information, millions of human beings are "at danger" dying out by arsenic in Bangladesh. In vision of this truth we feel that a widespread research work on arsenic pollution of ground water in Bangladesh is of immense significance and actions will be taken in addition to recommendation for giving arsenic free drinking water contribution in justifying the arsenic lesions. Nine regions in West Bengal, India, and 44 regions in Bangladesh have arsenic stages in groundwater over the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum allowable boundary of 50 [micro grams/Liter). The divisions and population of the 42 regions in Bangladesh and the 9 regions in West Bengal are 92,108 [km.sup.2] and 80.1 million and 38,932 [km.sup.2] and 44.5 million, correspondingly. In Bangladesh, it is recognized 496 pretentious villages affected. 11,103 Water samples were collected from 44 arsenic-affected regions in Bangladesh for examination. Of the water samples that were examined, 61 % contained arsenic levels above 50 [microg/L]. Thousands of hair, nail, and urine test samples from people living in arsenic-affected villages have been examined to date; Bangladesh, 92% samples, on an average, enclosed arsenic above the standard/toxic level. My research wills

Self analysis of RKA Essay Example for Free

Self analysis of RKA Essay In this module I examined mixed media research designs. Exploratory research design involves collection of quantitative data followed by qualitative data. Qualitative data helps to analyze the quantitative. With exploratory research design qualitative data is collected followed by quantitative data. Triangulation / corroboration collect both qualitative and quantitative data together. The data is analyzed together and the results compared. The concept that stood out most was that of action research. Researcher is actively involved in the research process with the objective or view of possible change. I believe that research should be geared towards possible change. I received for the quiz a score of twenty-three. Seven answers were incorrect. These were items two, twelve, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-five and twenty-six. The items I missed related to types of research, dependability, transferability and selection types. With the concept of grounded theory a theory is developed from the data collected (Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle 2010). In question twenty-five on the quiz Andrew collected qualitative data and develop a theory from the findings. Phenomenological studies explore lived experiences of human subjects (Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle 2010). Suzie in question two of the quiz; examined experiences of African American students in a high school as they relate to racism. Ethnography research methodology is based on the study of behaviors, opinions and interactions of individuals within a specific setting location or boundary (Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle 2010). On careful examination these concept are not really too close for me to differentiate. I should be able to apply them now. Conceptual framework involves organizing a body of concepts or ideas that relates to each other (Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle 2010). Theoretical framework also involves a collection of concepts that are interrelated (Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle 2010). What  I understand from this is that this framework is based on possible causes and outline variables that be contributes to them. The theoretical framework outlines hypothesis and possible proof. I will continue to review these concepts because they are still not quite clear. Dependability in qualitative study relates to consistency in collection and analysis of data. It relies on the validity credibility and reliability of the data collected and analysis of the data (Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle 2010). Transferability refers to the ability for the results to be applied in other situations or to a general population (Lodico, Spaulding, Voegtle 2010). In questions twelve and twenty-two of the quiz the focus was on participants background, how and when data was collected and the quality of data collected these address the concept of dependability. This information seems to be clearer now. From examining knowledge gained in this module mixed methods approach seems to be a good choice for in-depth research. Three important concepts were grasped. Qualitative data can be used to analyze quantitative data. Quantitative data can be used to analyze qualitative data. Both qualitative and quantitative data can be collected together and analyzed together based on the nature of the research and research questions. I also noted that research can be based on seeking answers to specific questions or to examine data from which a theory is then developed. I do not have questions for the instructor at this point. I will continue to pay closer attention to the course readings. Reference Lodico, M. G., Spaulding, D. T, Voegtle, K, H. (2010). Methods in Educational Research: from Theory to Practice. San Francisco CA: Jossey-Bass

Visual Effects Development in Early Days

Visual Effects Development in Early Days Before the arrival of Cinema, there were some forms of visual entertainments in Europe. The first one was Chinese Shadow Puppetry. It was introduced in Europe in late 17 century from Far East. This type of light show is the one of the popular performances in shadow theatre. The second one was Panorama. It was started by a Scottish artist Robert Baker. Panorama is a simple illuminated view which tells the story from circular paintings. Another popular visual entertainment was the Camera Obsura. The inverted image of the outside world appears on the wall of a dark room through the small hole. This process was later adapted for the pinhole camera and magic lantern. Magic Lantern was like a today projector. The light source inside the room was used to project images through lens into the darken room. The stories were painted on large glasses. The illusions of Magic Lantern such as beheading and beatings were much more improved by making dissolve and using multiple layers. An optical toy called Zoetrope plays the animated sequences to be viewed through slits in a rotating drum.   {{Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 1; Chinese Shadow Theatre Figures Figure 2; Illustration of the Camera Obscura Principle Figure 3; Illustration from Kircher, Projection of Death Figure 4; a modern replica of a Victorian zoetrope Kinetograph By late 1890, Edison and his assistant Dickson developed a device called the Kinetograph. A single viewer needs to bend down to watch the moving images through the keyhole. That is why the nickname was given as What the Butler Saw. Kinetograph can take rapid sequential images and displays images using the loops of 35mm film. But Kinetograph cannot project the moving images on the screen as the viewers demanded. {{Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 5; 1895 Version of Kinetophone in use Cinematographe Lumiere Brothers developed a Cinematographe that is improved on Edisons Kinetograph. Cinematographe was an all in one device. It can be used as camera, film printer and projector. The device was lighter than Kinetograph because the film needs to be hand cranked rather than relying on electric motor. Lumiere Brothers used Cinematographe to show the short clip in the basement of Grand Cafà ©, in Paris. They charged one franc for a twelve strips. It was last for one minute. Since then, the world first cinema market had begun. Arrival at a station (1895) made by Lumieres Brothers shook the audiences. In that film, the viewers thought that train would burst through the screen as train was approaching the station. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 6; Auguste (1862 1954) and Louis Lumiere (1864 1948) Father of Special Effects Figure 7; Georges Melies (1861 1938) A pioneer who discovered many special effects and influenced the visual effects world till today was Georges Melies. He was a magician and a youngest son of a French shoemaker. He used to work in family shoes business until his father retired. He then bought a theatre to make his dreams come true. He designed the innovative stage illusions and performed in his way of comic style. Magic lantern show was one of his great attractions. George Melies realized the benefits of Lumiere Brothers Cinematographe device that brings together the theatrical projection and technology. Therefore, George attempted to buy the Cinematographe device from father of Lumiere brothers. But he was refused to own the device as Lumiere Family wanted to ensure the exclusivity of film production. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} George did not give up easily. He went to London and purchased a device developed by Robert William Paul to work together with Edisons Kinetograph. George then hired two e ngineers to build a new version of camera. The First Special Effect Trick George discovered his first camera trick by accident. When he was recording the traffic, the camera was jammed. After one minute later, he continued to record the traffic. When he joined the break, he suddenly saw the bus changed into a hearse and men changed into women. Since then, he realised the importance of effect by substitution called Stop Action Trick. Stop Action Trick was already used in the Execution of Mary Queen of Scots (1893) produced by Edison before his discovery. But this one became the first trick of his incoming special effects discovery. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Georges produced many genres. Among them his fairy tales and fantasies films were more famous e.g. Cinderella. In Cinderella film, his stop action tricks attracted the audiences by turning pumpkin into horse cart and rags into Cinderellas dress. Figure 8; a scene from Cinderella (1889) Figure 9; stop action trick used in Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1895) The Worlds First Special Effects Facility The Black Maria was the Edisons world first film studio constructed on the train rotating turntable so that studio can be oriented to face the sun like sunflowers. {{Ezra, Elizabeth 2000}} In 1896, Georges Melies also made a first special effect film called The Varnishing Lady in his first special effects glass studio in order to avoid the ruin of illusions by the weather. The studio was constructed by iron structure, glass wall and wooden floor. It was designed by Georges with trapdoors, winches, pulleys, mirrors and flying rigs. The studio was a most sophisticated one at that time. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Figure 10; Edisons The Black Maria Film Studio Figure 11; Georges Melies glass studio Georges Split Screen Process Indian Rubber Head (1902) made by Georges Melies was used a split screen process. In order to create the illusion of an expanding head, Georges zoomed in on his head and superimposed this onto the film. Some areas of films were masked off to isolate the certain part of the picture to split the screen. {{VisualFx Hub 2017}} Figure 12; a scene from the man with the rubber head The First Science Fiction Film A trip to the moon was an earliest science fiction film made by Georges. The two minutes story is about a group of Victorian explorers visiting to the moon. In which film, Georges created the three dimensional depth illusion by painting. This is a very innovative film that covered a lot of Georges camera tricks such as superimpositions, double exposures, dissolves, stop-motion, matte paintings and miniatures. He even introduced the colour to the screen through hand painting and tinting. {{VisualFx Hub 2017}} Figure 13; the iconic image of the Man in the Moon Georges last days The masterpieces created by Georges were self-explanatory and visually stunning to be enjoyed by all audiences from all over the world without subtitling. But Georges films had been pirated and distributed illegally in United States and other countries. In 1913, Georges abandoned the filming after his wife death. In 1914, George was bankrupted and sold his all properties including his masterpieces to creditor. He spent the rest of his life just by running the toy shop at the train station in Paris. Nevertheless, his visual styles and special effects will never be forgotten. {{Pinteau, Pascal 2004; Rickitt, Richard 2006}} Other contributors in early days of Visual Effects There were many other innovators as well who had been developing the techniques for visual entertainments at the same time with Georges Melies. Robert William Paul was a scientific instrument maker from London. Robert built his own camera and projection for his production after he was refused by Edison to duplicate the Kinetograph. Although Robert was not a film maker, he produced a number of special effects featured films. E.g. The Motorist (1906) was the one of his remarkable films which is equally visual stunning as Georges Melies Masterpiece. The film was decorated with all available special effects to depict the story of a couple driving the car on the rings of Saturn in the space. In 1910, Robert abandoned film production and destroyed all his films. Another pioneer called Georges Albert Smith was an English photographer who built his own cameras and produced many trick films. Santa Claus (1898) was a notable film made by Georges A Smith. He created the earliest opening title s equence in Santa Clause film. He used the techniques of multiple exposures, stop action tricks and image within image in this film with the help of Georges Melies. {{Rickitt, Richard 2006; American Movie Classic Company 2017}}

Comparing Rich Citizens of New York in the 1920s: Attitudes on Philanthropy :: American America History

Comparing Rich Citizens of New York in the 1920's: Attitudes on Philanthropy How did the rich of Hudson Valley and Harlem New York differ in behavior patterns and personal attitudes towards home ownership during 1920 to 1925? Even with the distinction of race between Hudson valley rich and Harlem rich are the two groups in anyway similar? The rich of Hudson Valley did not feel the need nor the obligation to be philanthropical towards their under class counterparts. They were desensitized towards the needs of the poor and unfortunates of society. The Harlem rich however, felt a moral and spiritual obligation to help those less fortunate then themselves to become more prosperous so that they could aspire to the joys of home ownership. Only if they felt the individuals were worthy of their help. What were the Hudson Valley rich like? They were made up of two classes of people the Robber Barons and the Mayflower rich. In "The Rich and The Super - Rich" Ferdinand Lundberg writes that the Robber Barons gained their wealth thought crime. He writes "Crime: The Highroad to Wealth. Either sound instinct or certain knowledge led Kefauver, Kennedy, Vanderbilt and J.P. Morgan to link notorious under world figures with the business world. For crime is a historically established highroad to American fortune building. If earlier men came into the upper propertied class by means of violent crime, it would seem that later criminal practitioners might be heading toward the same dubious salvation. So assiduously and unscrupulously did the earlier fortune-builders work that one might suppose they believed that in attaining wealth they were attaining eternal life." The Mayflower rich considered themselves the true Americans since their families history could be traced all the way back the firs t Dutch settlers who settled in the Hudson Valley area. They did not accept the Robber Barons with open arms until their fortunes over powered the Mayflower rich in comparison. F. Scott Fitzgerald once wrote "Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is difficult to understand. They think, deep in their hearts, that they are better than we are because we had to discover the compensations and refuges of life for ourselves.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee :: essays research papers

The novel To Kill a Mockingbird begins with narrator, Scout Finch, introducing to the reader her brother Jem, her father Atticus, and her town, Maycomb, Alabama. She tells us a little of her family history, and then begins her story :   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the summer of 1933. Scout is five, and Jem is nine. They pass the summer happily with their new friend Dill, a six-year-old boy who has moved into their neighborhood for the summer. They are very curious about one of their neighbors, Boo Radley, who hasn't been seen by any one for years. The children are scared of Boo because of the morbid legends about him. Dill resolves to get him to come out of his house, but nothing comes of it that summer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scout dislikes school from the first morning. A few times when Scout and Jem walk home from school, they discover small gifts in the hollow oak tree at the edge of the Radley yard. When Dill returns for the summer, the children devise a new game of acting out their own version of Boo's story. One night they sneak up to the Radley house to look in at a window. Mr. Radley, Boo's uncle, chases them off with a shotgun, and as the children flee Jem's pants get stuck in a fence and left behind. Later when Jem retrieves them, he finds that Boo clumsily mended them where the fence tore them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When school begins again, Scout and Jem find more trinkets in the tree. They write a thank you note to whomever is leaving the things for them, but Mr. Radley cements up the knot hole. During the winter it snows and Jem builds a snow man by making a form out of mud and then covering the mud with snow. The house of Miss Maudie, a friendly neighbor, burns down that night. While the children watch the fire from the street in front of the Radley's house, Boo Radley puts a blanket around Scout without her noticing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Atticus, an attorney, is assigned to defend Tom Robinson, a innocent black man accused of raping a white girl, Mayella Ewell, the children are ridiculed by their classmates, other towns people, and even their cousin about their father being a 'nigger-lover.'; Atticus advises the children to not let the insults bother them. Scout and Jem feel a little ashamed of their father, but when they find outthat he is famous around town for his markmanship, they become proud of their father for being who he is.

Give Vouchers and School Choice a Chance :: Persuasive Argumentative Essay Examples

All We Are Saying is Give Choice a Chance    Critics of school choice programs invoke a two-pronged attack. First, they claim that only the best students with the most motivated parents will take advantage of charter schools and voucher programs-two of the most popular choice vehicles. Presumably, the best students come from families in which parents are involved at home and at school and who provide more support for their child, partnering with the school. Second, critics contend that the flight of the best students leaves behind disproportionately large groups of chronically underperforming, special needs, and problem children who will drag down the rest of the students in the public schools. Teachers will spend inordinate amounts of time on discipline and basics; administrators will be obliged to devote excessive amounts of resources to meet special needs. Critics contend these two effects will doom the traditional public school system to failure. Indirect evidence to the contrary, however, has been uncovered. These data may be preliminary, but they are compelling.    Enrollment data on charter schools in the 1997-98 school year show that the demographic mix of students enrolling in charter schools is remarkably like that of students in the rest of the school system-the flight of the best and brightest or the affluent or nonminorities is not apparent. The striking similarity of these enrollment patterns rebuts arguments that only the privileged will choose the option of charter schools.    Furthermore, over the past 10 years in the Milwaukee school system, which operates the country's longest-running publicly provided school voucher program, the performance of students in the system has increased remarkably. In fact, their increases have outstripped those of students in the rest of the state. There may be disputes about the performance of the students who have used vouchers and left the Milwaukee public school system, but the data show that the students left behind are faring quite well. Competition to keep students (and the concomitant funding) may be providing an incentive for the administrators and teachers in Milwaukee to pick up the pace and improve overall performance.       According to a January 2000 report by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), nationwide there are minimal differences in the distribution of minorities, the disadvantaged, and disabled students in charter schools and traditional public schools.    Students' eligibility for a free or reduced-price lunch under the National School Lunch program (a measure of economic disadvantage) allows for the comparison of poverty levels between students in charter schools and those in public schools in the states that have charter schools.

History Unit 2

â€Å"Do you agree with the view suggested in source 5 that the main factor preventing the press from publishing ‘bad news’ during the Boer war was censorship by the military authorities? † Bad news during the Boer war was events such as the mass death which occurred in the concentration camps. Source 5 says that â€Å"some journalists tried to report bad news as well as good, but in the face of military cenecorship, they did not persist†. I do agree with the view suggested by Source 5 because the Boer war was the first to have an official British army censor unlike the Crimean war where the events which went on during then remains questionable .Source 4 seems to agree with the view suggested in source 5 by describing the war as a time for the press â€Å"to conform to every reasonable restriction it may seem desirable for the military authorities to impose†. However, source 6 seems to disagree with both 4 and 5 as it described the war correspondent as becoming â€Å"increasingly jingoistic† this term is therefore describing the press as being fanatically patriotic. Source 4 is primary evidence which was published in 1990 by a real war correspondent, thus making his claim more reliable that â€Å"to write anything detrimental to the national interest† would be going against military regulations.This suggests that there were restrictions placed upon what the press could print that would paint Britain in a bad name, especially the conservative party. Similarly, Source 5 a book published in 2002 leaves the open question as to whether the publisher Peter Browning has been influenced by different thoughts since the war, therefore making the reliability of the information provided in the source questionable. However the content of the source does suggest that there were limits placed upon what the press could published, this is because the military authorities wanted the British people to remain patriotic as implied by source 6.Source 6 was published by The Daily Mail, one of the most best selling newspaper in the country and was particularly enthusiastic about the war, along with this, it may be accurate to suggest that one of the main of this newspaper was to keep sales going by giving the British people what they want to hear and hide the truth in what really happened as suggested in both Source 4 and especially Source 5, similarly to the Crimean war.In conclusion, I agree with the source given by Source 5 as I know that the military authorities did want to prevent the publishing of bad news in the Boer war. Lord Kitchener felt that the press needed to be controlled, this made him introduce the greater censorship during the guerrilla phase of the way which was between 1900 and 1901, which is ironic because the book was published in 1995, painting the war in good light with the press enjoying â€Å"their war through music hall songs†. Therefore achieving its aim of hiding the ‘bad n ews which may have occurred during the 1 History Unit 2 â€Å"Do you agree with the view suggested in source 5 that the main factor preventing the press from publishing ‘bad news’ during the Boer war was censorship by the military authorities? † Bad news during the Boer war was events such as the mass death which occurred in the concentration camps. Source 5 says that â€Å"some journalists tried to report bad news as well as good, but in the face of military cenecorship, they did not persist†. I do agree with the view suggested by Source 5 because the Boer war was the first to have an official British army censor unlike the Crimean war where the events which went on during then remains questionable .Source 4 seems to agree with the view suggested in source 5 by describing the war as a time for the press â€Å"to conform to every reasonable restriction it may seem desirable for the military authorities to impose†. However, source 6 seems to disagree with both 4 and 5 as it described the war correspondent as becoming â€Å"increasingly jingoistic† this term is therefore describing the press as being fanatically patriotic. Source 4 is primary evidence which was published in 1990 by a real war correspondent, thus making his claim more reliable that â€Å"to write anything detrimental to the national interest† would be going against military regulations.This suggests that there were restrictions placed upon what the press could print that would paint Britain in a bad name, especially the conservative party. Similarly, Source 5 a book published in 2002 leaves the open question as to whether the publisher Peter Browning has been influenced by different thoughts since the war, therefore making the reliability of the information provided in the source questionable. However the content of the source does suggest that there were limits placed upon what the press could published, this is because the military authorities wanted the British people to remain patriotic as implied by source 6.Source 6 was published by The Daily Mail, one of the most best selling newspaper in the country and was particularly enthusiastic about the war, along with this, it may be accurate to suggest that one of the main of this newspaper was to keep sales going by giving the British people what they want to hear and hide the truth in what really happened as suggested in both Source 4 and especially Source 5, similarly to the Crimean war.In conclusion, I agree with the source given by Source 5 as I know that the military authorities did want to prevent the publishing of bad news in the Boer war. Lord Kitchener felt that the press needed to be controlled, this made him introduce the greater censorship during the guerrilla phase of the way which was between 1900 and 1901, which is ironic because the book was published in 1995, painting the war in good light with the press enjoying â€Å"their war through music hall songs†. Therefore achieving its aim of hiding the ‘bad n ews which may have occurred during the 1

Financing Polynomials Essay

The assignment that I will be discussing is financial polynomials. The use of financial polynomials is used in the real world all the time. Financial polynomials are really important because it is an easy way for you to figure out how much you need to be able to plan a trip, retirement, or a college fund. Using the formula p (1+r/2) ^ (2) we could compound the interest semiannually. In this assignment I’m going to solve and demonstrate my knowledge of each problem, how and why it is applicable to my everyday life, state if there is another way division could be carried and worked out and incorporate each of the five vocabulary words into my discussion. Before I start my problem using the formula p (1+r/2) ^ (2) I’m going to have to rewrite the formula without the parenthesis. P (1+r/2) ^ (2) Formula (1+ r/2) (1+r/2) Since it is squared you have to write it 2 times 1+r/2+r/2+r^ (2) /4 Using the foil process (1+2r/2 +r2/4)Combining like terms P (1+2r/2+r2/4) Bring the p down it is still in parenthesis P +2/2 pr + r2p/4 Next I’m going to multiply p by each term P+2/2Pr +r2P/4 is rewritten without parenthesis is not in descending order P=200 and r=10%/100 =. 1 200+2(. 1) (200)/2 + (. 1) ^ (2) (200)/4 I plugged in 200 for P and . 1 for r. I solved the equation and got = $220. 50 Dividend Next I’m going to do the same thing for P=5670 and r=3. 5% 5670+2 (. 035) (5670)/2 + (. 035) ^ (2) (5670)/4 I plugged in 5670 for P and . 035 for r and I solved the equation. = $5870. 18 Dividend Using this formula could be very important in my everyday life If I wanted to put money to the side to plan a trip or a college fund. I would know exactly how much money I would need to put to the side to do so. (-9x^3 +3x^2-15x) / (-3x) Next I’m going to divide -3x by each term -9x^3/-3x 3x^2/-3x -15x/-3x -3 is the Divisor -9x^3/-3x =3x^2 3x^2/-3x = cancels out and becomes a –1 or –x -15x/-3x=5x 3x^2-x+5x I do not know of another way that division could be approached and worked out. In conclusion, I stated why financial polynomials are very important in my everyday life. I demonstrated my knowledge and solved each problem. I stated that I did not know of another way that division could be approached and worked out. I incorporated each of the five vocabulary words into the discussion.

Of Mice and Men Loneliness Essay

The characters Candy, Crooks, and Curley’s Wife all exemplify loneliness and isolation. By creating and describing these characters, Steinbeck is showing the reader symbolism in the characteristics of these three characters and how it can alter the story and the characters in it. Candy demonstrates the theme of loneliness throughout the whole novella. By the way he acts towards other characters in the novella. For example, he was only close to his dog before he met George and Lennie and he was so eager to meet them and make friends. Additionally, Candy looks desperate when the outlook of being part of Lennie and George’s dream of the small farm comes up, he says, â€Å"And they give me two hundred and fifty dollars ’cause I lost my hand. An’ I got fifty more saved up right in the bank right now. That’s three hundred†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows he’s willing to give every cent to join up with them and their dream and loneliness has made him desperate. Candy also had a close relationship with his dog. After his dog was shot, it was almost described as if it was Candy that got shot. As the dog was being executed, Candy laid in bed and stayed silent. The dog and its weakness is a symbolism Steinbeck used to compare to Candy and his missing hand. Candy’s loneliness affects George and Lennie and alters the dream to a three man thing instead of just George and Lennie. Crooks the stable buck is a primary example of loneliness in this novella. Discrimination towards Crooks turns him into an aloof, distant, and lonely man. The men on the ranch isolate and taunt Crooks. For example, when Lennie walks in Crooks room Crooks says, â€Å"You got no right to come in my room. This here’s my room. Nobody got any right in here but me.† Crooks is isolating himself from everyone including Lennie and wants to be aloof. He also states, â€Å"S’pose you didn’t have nobody. S’pose you couldn’t go into the bunk house and play rummy ’cause you was black. How’d you like that? S’pose you had to sit out here an’ read books. Sure you could play horseshoes till it got dark, but then you got to read books. Books ain’t no good. A guy needs somebody-to be near him. A guy goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody. Don’t make no difference who the guy is, long’s he’s with you. I tell ya, I tell ya a guy gets too lonely an’ he gets sick.† Here Crooks expresses his loneliness and how he is an outcast to the rest of the workers on the ranch. His  loneliness is formed from discrimination of his African American skin color. Portrayed by Curley, Curley’s Wife is the loneliest character on the ranch that even Steinbeck doesn’t give her a name. She is that unimportant and uninteresting compared to the rest of the characters in the novella. Sneaking around and bothering everyone and seeking attention, causing trouble around the ranch, and overall she is unwanted by the workers on the ranch. In the novella, she states that she is lonely right before her death. She states these quotes to Lennie, â€Å"I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely.†, â€Å"What’s the matter with me? Ain’t I got a right to talk to nobody?†, and â€Å"Seems like they ain’t none of them cares how I gotta live.† Steinbeck describes isolation and loneliness in Of Mice and Men in the three characters Candy, Crooks, and Curley’s Wife. Steinbeck shows the reader how this can affect and alter the story and the characters in it using the literary elements. Quotes and facts from the novella support Steinbeck’s theme of loneliness. These three characters from the novella fit the theme perfect.

Reinventing the Starbucks Experience

In his memo to his senior team, Howard Schultz wrote about his visions of Starbucks and his disappointment over what he called the â€Å"commoditization of the Starbucks experience. † He gave a detailed list of the decisions that has contributed to this fate. His visions are clear and the arguments he presented are impeccable but this paper will look at the situation from a different viewpoint. The question is should they stick with the changes or revert to the old ways and preserve tradition? Going Big Howard Schultz mentioned several decisions that that led to the â€Å"watering down† of the Starbucks experience. These are: †¢ Changing La Marzocca machines with automatic espresso machines. †¢ Shifting from fresh coffee to fresh roasted bagged coffee. †¢ Transforming store design. While he believes these changes resulted to the â€Å"commoditization† of Starbucks, he admitted that these were necessary and instrumental in bringing Starbucks from 1000 to more than 13,000 stores (Schultz, 2007). These changes allowed Starbucks to speed up their services, become more efficient, cost-effective and competitive. Starbucks Soul Everything has its own price. Starbucks achieved their business goals but lost sight of their vision along the way. For Howard Schultz, losing their â€Å"soul† for profit was a high price to pay. In his memo, he mentioned that shifting from La Marzocca to automatic espresso machines removed the â€Å"romance and theater† of the process. The height of the machines blocked the view and took away the intimacy of the experience. Shifting to roasted coffee took out the aroma and stripped the store of its tradition and heritage. Lastly, changing store design eliminated the â€Å"warm feeling of a neighborhood store† (Schultz, 2007). Reinventing the Experience Soul, experience, romance, theater, temple- these are some of the words Howard Schultz associated with Starbucks. Reading his memo gives everyone a glimpse of his vision for Starbucks. It shows how passionate he is about his product and his store. It details the experience he envisions customers would feel in going to his stores. To him, it is not just selling coffee, it’s an experience. It is not just a store, it’s a temple. It is not just good customer service, it is romance. For someone who found his â€Å"Mecca† in Starbucks, those things mean a great deal. However, Schultz has to consider the possibility that not all people share that vision. A lot of people love to drink coffee but that does not mean they are as passionate about the experience as he is. Some customers are not as in love with the tradition and legacy as he is. There is nothing wrong about Howard Schultz’s vision and we can not blame him for being alarmed by the changes that happened in his stores. However, Starbucks have to be open to the fact that there might be a big difference between people who hang out in coffee shops in 1981 to the millions of Starbucks patrons around the world today. They have to realize that it is not just a simple case of profit versus soul or efficiency versus tradition. They have to consider what kind of â€Å"experience† people are hoping to get from their stores and work from their. Starbucks are founded by solid visions but that can only take them so far. In the end it is what the customers think that matters. Conclusion Howard Schultz is not just a businessman, he is a visionary. For him, profit is not enough, he want to preserve the tradition and leave a legacy. However, he has to accept the fact that to some people, coffee is just an ordinary drink, a commodity that does not need to be romanticized.

Being a Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Being a Leader - Essay Example However, overtime Chung did not turn out as Leary expected since he distanced himself from her and fellow workmates, although his work was outstanding at first, Leary became uncomfortable with the way Ted conducted his business; as well, she was uncomfortable with his request. The main cause of the problem in the case is mistrust between Karen Leary and Ted Chung, among other concerns like professional conduct, cultural consideration, individual responsibility, self-interest, integrity, code of ethics and indecision. The primary problems in this case include Ted’s performance conflicting with company demands, language barrier between the industrialist and Karen the manager at Merrill Lynch and Ted’s withering of individual responsibility under demands of the client. Other problems include Ted’s Self-interest that led to greed and selfishness as well as Karen’s indecision regarding Ted’s request. In this case, Causes of the problems include culture at the organization before Karen became manager; Ted’s professional performance sometimes conflicted with the company demands and Self-interest. Other causes include Ted’s change in performance reporting, Chung’s integrity issues and decline of individual responsibility. ... Cultural framework determines human resource practices in many companies especially in recruitment and personnel management, which was the main cause why Leary hired Chung for the position of financial advisor to target Taiwanese investors. Since employee belief regarding obligations to organization or other employees is inherently perceptual and subjective, a person’s interpretation of terms and conditions of obligation may differ, which make employees to develop different comprehension of employer obligations. For instance, according to Elias and Linda (6), when Chung is ordered to stay at the sales assistant desk, he was uncomfortable with the request and maneuvered his way out of the desk. In evaluating Chung, it appears that Leary made perpetual errors in assessing him; for instance, it is clear from the study that Ted’s â€Å"increased displays of ego and temper† worried Leary (Elias and Linda 8). Moreover, even though, she was concerned with Chung’s slow start, with time Chung became a strong producer and Leary acknowledged that the Taiwanese market had the potential to be further developed (Elias and Linda 8). Nevertheless, Leary felt uncomfortable with various aspects of Ted’s performance since she did not know how Chung’s client was involved with the account, and matters were made worse by her inability to access the client because of the language barrier and the client’s close relationship with Ted. Although a year passed since Chung got hired, Leary tried to know Chung better but he often distanced himself from her and other financial consultants in the office (Elias and Linda 1). Within organization setting, individuals seek to fulfil personal goals, while at the same time others within the same

Should Intelligent Design be taught in Public School Assignment

Should Intelligent Design be taught in Public School - Assignment Example Moreover, ID does not provide a basis whereby its claims can be tested. Since ID does not know how something works, it usually associates it with a higher power (Goodman, n.d). Therefore, if schools adopt ID as a science, then the children who are in schools today would not be adequately prepared to handle fields such as medicine or biology. There is a major controversy surrounding the teaching of ID in schools. For example, in 2005, a school in Pennsylvania was sued because it allowed its students to present ID as an alternative to creation as well as in explaining how life came to be. Research reveals that ID normally violates the rules of science that are centuries old. For example, ID invokes supernatural connection and it also attacks evolution negatively. As a result, ID has been entirely disproved by the scientific community (Ruse, 2012). In this perspective therefore, scientific experts argue that if ID is to be taught in schools, it should be taught in fields such as philosophy, religion and politics (Goodman, n.d). However, it should not be taught in any science course. This is because it would confuse the students especially regarding the various scientific concepts that are normally applied in biology and

Compare the concept of Adam and Eve and the original sin in Research Paper

Compare the concept of Adam and Eve and the original sin in Christianity and Judaism - Research Paper Example ( Penny Catechism, Article15, undated) The same document went on to say that:- All mankind has contracted the guilt and stain of original sin, except the Blessed Virgin and her Divine Son, through whose foreseen merits she was conceived without the least guilt or stain of original sin.( Penny Catechism , Article 117, undated) ) . There are two accounts of creation recorded in Genesis. These represent two strands of a very old story based upon long standing oral traditions. These have become the creations myths of both Christianity and the Judaism in which they had their founding. Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy are described in Judaism as the Pentateuch, and these five books are traditionally said to be the work of Moses. His is death is however actually recorded in Deuteronomy 33, and it is generally considered that a number of different strands wrote theses books in the form we now have them in the 6th or 7th century B.C.E., round about the time of King Solomon . In Genesis Chapter One man is created and in Genesis Chapter Two the creation of Adam is described in more detail. He is made from the earth or clay. The word for ‘formed’ is one which would be used to describe how a potter creates a pot form clay ( Genesis 2 v 7, commentary, Bible New International Version, 2008). The word Adam is linked to the Hebrew word ‘Adamah’ which mean red and it is suggested that this means he was created from red clay ( Mandel 2013) . The story describes how God bought each animal to Adam, who gave then their names. He could not find a suitable helper among them. In Genesis 2 v 18 God says :- It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him. Genesis 2 v 21, 22 describe the creation of Adam. She is made form part of Adam. Eve is called in Hebrew ‘Haya’ which means ‘live ‘ or ‘to live (Meaning and etymology of the name Eve, undated) . In Genesis 3 v 20 it states :- Adam named his wife Eve, because she would become the mother of all the living. In one version the two appear to be created simultaneously, but in the second version she come later. By the time both stories were written down each would have carried its own authority and could not be discarded. Living in the Garden of Eden with her husband, Eve is approached and then tempted by the serpent. She yields to the temptation offered and eats the forbidden fruit, as well as some to her husband. After this it as if they have woken up, as become aware of their nakedness and make themselves clothes. Later ( Genesis 3 v 12) Adam puts the blame on Eve. As a result God tells Eve that she will have pain in childbirth and will become subject to her husband ( Genesis 3 v 16. It is often interpreted that only Eve who is admonished, but in Genesis 3 v 17ff Adam, too is told what will happen to him as the result of his disobedience. According to Jewish teaching Eve was not created at the same time as Adam becaus e God knew that she would become a reason for complaint ( Eve, Jewish Encyclopedia ,1906). These is also a tradition of another help meet being created before Eve , Lilith , but she goes her own way and refuses to be the wife of Adam ( Hampshire County Council, undated) . According to another Jewish rabbinic tradition Eve was tempted first, as women were more likely to give in than men. Despite Eve’

Human production Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human production - Assignment Example At puberty, the kiss1 gene activates GPR54 gene which then activates hypothalamus to produce GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone); a hormone that stimulates pituitary gland to produce hormones that affect testicles and ovaries. In males, testosterone is produced that affects the development of testes and penis along with the development of secondary sexual characteristics. In females, estradiol is produced by ovaries and it brings about the development of reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. An additional effect is the onset of menarche. 6. Spermatogenesis may be divided into three phases: spermatocytogenesis which is a proliferative phase; meiosis which produced cells containing half number of chromosomes and spermiogenesis (mitosis allows division of spermatogonia and they develop into primary spermatocytes and during Meiosis 2 secondary spermatocytes are produced) in which spermatozoa are produced. Seminiferous tubules allow spermatozoa a channel to pass through. Spermiogenesis comes to an end when spermatozoa are released from sertoli cells. Androgen (testosterone) is produced by Leydig cells. 7. Sperms are produced within seminiferous tubules from where they migrate to epididymis. They are stored here until maturation. During ejaculation, the sperm travel from epididymis to vas deferens, the ampulla. At this point other secretions are added to the sperms and the mixture is then propelled towards the ejaculatory duct and then while passing through urethra prostrate gland’s secretions is added. The combination of all these products is now known as semen which takes on a milky color; a secretion that is then expelled out of the body. Uterus is made up of layers of smooth muscle and it is hollow from within. It consists of an isthmus, cervix, fundus and a body. During menstruation, the inner lining show growth of tissue; preparation of the uterus for implantation if

Profit and Loss Account Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Profit and Loss Account - Coursework Example The indirect costs (those that cannot be directly attributed to generating revenue) are then deducted from the gross profit to give a net income figure. A single profit and loss account provides information about how much it costs to generate sales, and how much room for manoeuvre the business has before an increase in the costs of generating those sales causes the business to become unviable (e.g. raw materials may increase to a point where it is no longer financially viable to make a particular product). This can be shown by considering the gross profit as a percentage of the sales revenue. The same can be applied to the indirect expenses of the business. Monitoring these costs can indicate when a particular supplier is becoming too expensive, and the business should look for another supplier who offers better value for money. The net profit figure, as a percentage of the sales revenue indicates the total effect of all costs relating to the business and whether the business continu es to be viable and generates profits for the owner (in this case Peter).Peter’s profit and loss account indicates that he rents property rather than owning his own factory or workshop. The depreciation figure is not broken down, which means that the type of assets that are subject to depreciation cannot be seen, although the motor expenses indicate that the business probably owns some form of motor vehicle.

Life span Wks8-12 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Life span Wks8-12 - Coursework Example According to Websters New World Law Dictionary (2010), death is "the end of life, when physical functions and vital signs stop." This dictionary further suggests that brain death is an "irreversible end to the functioning of the brain" which the dictionary says is often used as the legal definition. An ethical definition of death is difficult because ethics are different for different people. My definition would be the same as the legal definition: If an individual ceases to breath and their physical and vital signs have stopped, they are dead. However, in cases where someone is in a coma for several years, or when someone has a terminal illness and wants to be euthanized, ethics come more into play in determining what is "right" or "wrong" in each situation (Santrock, 2008). Each culture sees death and mourning differently. In many cultures, the community is an integral part of the mourning. As an example, the Amish community works together when someone dies. A neighbor will make sure that everyone knows about it and the family will be supported for a year after the death. The Amish engage the family in moving forward by visiting them, bringing scrapbooks and homemade items, and starting new work projects for the widow. The Amish people also will hold the funeral in a house during the winter months or in a barn during the warmer months. It is the community that takes care of all the arrangements, including burial (Santrock, 2008). If an individual is working with children, it is helpful to know the developmental stages that children follow when they are growing and learning. Understanding the various theories -- psychoanalytic, behavioral and so forth gives an understanding of how small children develop through the lifespan. Understanding how humans evolve from birth to old age is important to the scholar-practitioner because this knowledge puts into perspective the various changes a person goes

NATO Involvement in Libya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NATO Involvement in Libya - Essay Example The US and NATO applied force to save the civilians who had been subjected to a no flying zone and arms embargo by the UN Security Council. Critics have it that the US and NATO involvement in Libya crossed the borders of permission by the UN Security Council to protect the civilians against attack by Libyan forces. Some reports such as that published by the Arab Organization for Human Rights, the International Legal Assistance Consortium, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights indicate that NATO committed war crimes and violated human rights (Shabi 12).   However, others are on the positive side in that the mission helped in the maintenance of peace by protecting the civilians against anti- Qaddafi forces. The alliance stressed its efforts to protect the civilians despite drawing numerous criticisms. This intervention has proved the alliance to be a strong pillar in the event of ending international crises and a stable foundation worth of support. I totally disagree with the c ritics’ allegations that NATO operations led to death and destruction of property since the war was contrary to the people’s ambitions, and that the non-violent protests would have been a success the same way it was witnessed in Tunisia and Egypt. (Ivo and Stavridis par 5) Effectiveness of NATO involvement The intervention in Libya cannot be considered as war since their operations were legitimate and in compliance with war powers resolutions of the UN Security Council. According to the council, the use of force to protect citizens is legalized. In the event of highly populated areas experiencing the effects of war, there is freedom to enforce a no-flying zone and arms embargo. Also, in the process of protecting the citizens, the US forces do not engage in open fire exchange with the conflicting parties, ground troops or any other violent method in their operations. The sending of the Qaddafi family to Tunisia was an attempt by the NATO to reduce the escalating hostili ties against his family by the Libya citizens. The lack of engagement of ground troops in a hostile exchange cannot be termed as war in the realm of military operations. Qaddafi’s plan to cleanse Libya house by house was a serious issue on humanitarian grounds, which aroused the US and NATO forces to intervene and save the country from the ordeal. They pledge their loyalty to one weapon; the responsibility to act (Obama 2011). In addition, the operations in Libya cannot qualify to be termed as war considering the budget incurred at the time. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan led to the expenditure of hundreds of billions of dollars compared to fewer than one billion dollars that was spent in the Libyan crises. According to the US Constitution, the Pentagon usually has an emergency fund of one billion for military matters that are not approved by the congress. The coalition’s attempt to help civilians overthrow Qaddafi did not employ force. It is not part of their duty t o transform a government but to protect, enhance peace and enforce a no-flying zone as noted in Obama's Speech on Libya. The operations in Libya are considered legal. The US intervention in the war was in line with the war powers resolution of allowing the president to act in the event of threat of its territories as well as protecting civilians against manslaughter. On the same note, NATO allies got involved in the operation according to its command and for those who did not have the capacity to participate materially, political support was given. Various

Cat in the Rain Interpretation Essay Example for Free

Cat in the Rain Interpretation Essay Topic: The symbol â€Å"cat† in â€Å"Cat in the rain† (Ernest Hemingway) In many of his stories, Ernest Hemingway used symbols to express the profound meaning of those stories. In â€Å"Cat in the rain†, the poor kitty is the main symbol since it expresses much about the theme of the story. In my opinion, the cat symbolizes three things such as a baby, the couple’s relationship and the wife herself. Initially, the cat is symbolic of a baby. The first reason is the cats here stands for something little and vulnerable which is like a baby. Moreover, when it â€Å"was crouched under one of the dripping green tables†, it appears to be so pitiful, which evokes the wife’ caring and protective instinct of a mother. She feels sorry for it because â€Å"It isn’t any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain†. She calls it â€Å"she† like it is a human. In addition, although the cat is gone, she still wants to have the cat â€Å"sit on my lap and purr when I stroke her†. In short, the wife sympathizes with the cat and wants to treat it lovingly, which is very mother like. Therefore, a baby is the first thing the cat symbolizes. Next, the cat is also a symbol of the couple’s marriage. The little cat silvering in the rain stands for the unstable marriage of the couple. When the wife sees that poor kitty, she immediately goes to save it. She is willing to go through the rain, which signifies the struggles obstructing her. At the end, she cannot have the cat, in other words, cannot save her deteriorating marriage. In contrasts to the wife’s eagerness, her husband seems to be so indifferent since he is reading all the time:†the husband went on reading†, â€Å"George was on the bed, reading†, â€Å"he was reading again†, â€Å"he was reading again†. Although he does propose to go get the cat, it is just a half-hearted offer. It is only the wife who wants to save the relationship, and without the help of her husband, it cannot be saved. In brief, the marriage of the couple is the next thing that the cat is symbolic of. Last but not least, it is the wife herself that is the most important meaning of the cat. When the cat is first described, it is called â€Å"she†, which is intentionally link the cat and the American girl. She is also nameless like a little poor cat lacking attention from other people. The husband says that he will get the cat but later he does nothing, which is like the way he tries to care about his wife but does not satisfy her needs. Therefore, when the wife sees the cat in the rain, she sympathizes with it, she wants it to sit on her lap and stroke it. It is also her inner desire to have someone treat her lovingly like that. In a nutshell, the wife is the last and clearest meaning of the cat in the rain. The story â€Å"Cat in the rain† may seem to be uncomplicated; however, it has much deeper meanings which are partly expressed through the symbol â€Å"cat†. This symbol, which is interpreted to symbolize three things, plays an important role in helping the readers to better understand the theme of the story.

Social Inequality Within a Society Essay Example for Free

Social Inequality Within a Society Essay Throughout history, social classification has been a basis of economic and social stability. Social classification was introduced to even the predecessors of human civilization, the Mesopotamian civilization. But, due to natural flaws within the structure of the social classification system, this system concluded in becoming biased towards the upper class and unrighteous toward the lower class. Because social classification consistently had flaws which made the system more prejudiced to the lower class, throughout historical times, social classification primarily affected a society in a negative manner. Provided the idea of social inequality through the means of social classification, numerous ancient civilizations including the civilization of Athens, practiced a rigid social classing structure. In the ancient civilization of Athens, the social classing structure was extremely rigid. The upper class of Athens citizens was permitted only to pure blooded male Athenians who were born into their class. The social structure in Athens was very misogynistic toward females. Women were considered vile and loathsome. They were often treated as outcasts and even slaves. According to Bridges, â€Å"Women were rarely seen outside the home and had no rights in the Athenian democracy. † Due to the rigid social class structure of Athens, women were denied all rights. Even though the principles of democracy state that everyone be treated equally under the rule of law, because of the social class structure of Athens, women were completely denied any rights in a democracy. This form of class structure did not only prevail in European civilizations. But, this rigid classification system also prevailed in Middle Eastern and Indian civilizations as well. Indus River Valley civilization practiced an inexorable and rigid form of social classification. One had to inherit their social class by being born into the class. Mobility between classes was impossible. According to Kogl And Moore, â€Å"People were born into social classes that could not be changed. There were 4 Social classes, which were Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishiyas, and Shudras. † Due to the immobile class structure of Indus valley civilization, the citizens were locked in a single class forever. There were four classes which were practiced in Indus Valley Civilization. The Shudras class was considered the lowest class and this class primarily consisted of peasants and serfs. The Shudras were treated as feculence and were also denied natural rights and justice such as freedom to liberty and property. Due to the rigid social class structure in civilizations such as Athens and the Indus River Valley, many classes were predilected upon while the other classes were denied of their social and natural rights. In addition to the historical examples of social inequality and class struggle, many novels also base the idea of social inequality as their major theme. One of such novels is To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Since To Kill A Mockingbird was written in 1954, this novel circulates around the idea of social inequality due to racism. Since Africans were viewed as slaves in the 1950s, these foreigners were denied many of the basic rights which were guaranteed to the Caucasians by the Constitution. In this novel, the central conflict revolves around the Tom Robinson case. Tom Robinson is falsely accused of raping white woman, Mayella Ewell. When Dr. Atticus Finch, the protagonist’s father accepts to continue the case on behalf of Tom, he is severely criticized and dishonored to the point where the people of Maycomb agree severely injure Dr. Atticus Finch. According to a character named Bob Ewell in the novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, ‘â€Å" Too proud to fight, you nigger-lovin bastard? †Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lee 118). The discrimination due to social class is still prevalent during the time Lee wrote this novel. The major antagonist, Bob Ewell uses the above quotation while trying to murder Dr. Atticus Finch. Bob Ewell is extremely enraged because Dr. Atticus Finch fought against his sister, Mayella just to protect a â€Å"nigger. † This novel conveys a meaning of class struggle and its relative consequences. Because Atticus accepted to protect an innocent African – American man, he upset the entire Maycomb town and almost got assassinated. Multiple classic novels such as To Kill A Mockingbird, transmit an idea of social inequality, and class struggle to overcome the social inequality. They also communicate relative consequences for class struggle. One such novel which conveys a meaning of social inequality and a rigid class structure is the novel, Brave New World by Aldous Huxley. In this novel, citizens are predestined to be in one class while in their embryonic stage. While the Alpha embryos are conditioned to excel in academics, the Epsilon embryos are poisoned with alcohol in order to diminish all forms of independent thought processes from their brains. Though the citizens of the Brave New World are in a constant state of confinement, they are educated to become and stay appeased with their servitude. Even though the lower classes in this novel are content with their position, this does not excuse the fact that the lower classes were conditioned to become satisfied with their servitude and that their free will was completely ignored. According to the character named Mustafa Mond in the novel, Brave New World, ‘â€Å"Liberty to be inefficient and miserable. Freedom to be a round peg in a square hole†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Huxley 138). Liberty was considered by the world controllers to be dissatisfying and depressing. Liberty, in the eyes of the world controllers, was unrelated to science and could potentially cause chaos. The world controller, Mustafa Mond is ridiculing the idea of gaining content and satisfaction through the means of liberty. He also uses a metaphor of freedom being a round peg in a square hole, which was happiness and content. He describes through the metaphor that freedom and happiness are completely unrelated and in order to gain happiness, one must sacrifice his freedom. Not only is the ideology of rigid classing structure used in historical times, but this ideology is also used as one of the major themes in novels such as To Kill A Mockingbird and Brave New World in order to persuade the reader about negative effects of social classing structure on humans. Although social classing primarily affected a society in a negative manner, there have been multiple occasions where social class system has affected a society in a positive manner. One of the positive aspects of social classing system is that the classing system eliminates uneducated classes such as the lowest classes of serfs and peasants from making decisions which are grave enough to impact an entire society. Any society would profit from decisions made by educated and wealthy upper classes, rather than uneducated decisions made by an uneducated and poor class. Because the lower classes receive bare minimum to absolutely no education at all, they are likely to make a decision that would be detrimental to the entire society and also to their own class. According to Girard, â€Å"Those who possess a lower socioeconomic status, should not be allowed to make decisions impacting a group. † Due to the lower socioeconomic status of a class of people, they were not properly exposed to in-depth education in order to make educated decisions for their group. This would mean that if there are extremely educated and wealthy classes to make educated decisions for a society, there is no reason to jeopardize the prosperity of a nation by letting lower socioeconomic classes vote. Even though there have been rare circumstances where social classing is proved beneficial, social classing primarily affects any society in a negative manner. In ancient Meso America, several tribes including the Aztecs, have used a rigid and inescapable class structure in order to not only maintain social control, but to also maintain a strong belief in their gods. The aztecs lived their lives in belief that the ancient war God, Huitzilopochtli fought off the vile and inhuman demons in order to make the sun rise again. The Aztecs also believed that God Huitzilopochtli grew extremely feeble and defenseless by battling the darkness and that he required ample amounts of human blood in order to replenish his strength. So, while the upper class of nobles ruled the tribe, they used the commoners as a source of nourishment for the war god. According to Pfeil, â€Å"Huitzilopochtli is first in rank, no one is like unto him. Not vainly do I sing coming forth in the garb of our ancestors, I shine; I glitter. † This ancient Aztec hymm was sung by every victim before he or she was cruelly massacred and had his or her heart gouged out. The Aztecs would sacrifice any commoners including women, children, disaled and the elderly. The social classing structure in tribes such as the Aztecs, was not only injust, but the classing system was also inhumane and deadly. This religious practice was one of the major detriments for the downfall of the Aztecs. Eventhough there have been extremely rare occasions where a society has benefitted from a social class, primarily the social classing structure have always been a negative aspect of a society. The idea of social classing is still prevalent within the modern society. Many countries practice different social classing systems such as Marxism. Marxism is the ideology that the upper class of the society is appropriated a surplus of social product. This simply means that by inheriting or transferring to an upper class, one receives multiple socio-economic benefits. These benefits include unpaid surplus labor. This type of social classification also manifests itself to the society as a negative aspect of social classification. According to Werner, â€Å"This deduction theory of the income of the lower class is thus a factor of debate. † Due to the upper class receiving the surplus amount of socio-economic product, Marxism has caused many riots in countries. But, due to the socio-economic stability, many countries still continue to utilize it. Regardless, this modern form of social classification impacts the society negatively. In finalization to the ideology and structure of the rigid social classification system, the idea is very obvious that the social classification system impacts any society in a negative manner. Numerous ancient civilizations including the civilization of Athens and the Indus River Valley civilization practiced a rigid social classing structure. In addition to the historical examples of social inequality and class struggle, many novels such as Brave New World and To Kill A Mockingbird, also base the idea of social inequality as their major theme. Throughout historical times, Social classification primarily affected a society in a negative manner.

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks

Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks A Disaster-Resilient Modern Cellular Network: Utilizing Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks, Device-to-Device Communication enabled LTE-Advanced Abstract The goal of modern communication networks is to keep every corner of the world connected at all times. This goal is of utmost importance especially during a disaster. Todays mobile communication networks fail to showcase fast disaster resilience due to the lack of a distributed communication architecture that would work even if a part of the network fails. With current technological advancements, this resilience can be achieved by creating an overlay of various techniques. Heterogeneous Networks (HetNet) and Internet of Things (IoT) play significant roles in the next generation 5G networks. Having this in mind, this paper discusses how Self Organizing Networks (SON) when applied to HetNet, and a distributed Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled architecture when applied to Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A), can strengthen the disaster resilience of a modern cellular network. Self-configuring, self-optimizing and self-healing heterogeneous small cell networks reduce the nee d for human intervention and ensure reliable communication during calamities. A D2D type communication is important because in most cases, physical damage to operators network elements is the cause for network failure. Hence there is a need to be able to communicate emergency messages without total dependency on a carriers network. The means of achieving these two goals will be addressed in this paper. I. Introduction The earliest forms of communications were intended to send emergency messages during wars. While communication technology has evolved from sending pigeons to next generation 5G, the industry has not been able to ensure perfectly reliable communication for disaster-struck regions with the unaffected areas during times of emergency. The existing methods for emergencies such as the earthquake and tsunami warning system (ETWS), Public Safety Networks, only serve the purpose of communicating broadcast messages to public and information sharing among officials. However it is important to also have a reliable communication means between victims in affected areas and the outside world. In 2011, around 29,000 eNBs were damaged during the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, which caused network outage and affected communication of safety messages and emergency requests [12]. Problems in wireless networks during disaster scenarios include increase in traffic beyond the networks capacity, physical damage of network components including backhaul, unnecessary handovers due to improper neighbor list and limited availability of human resources [1]. The methods discussed in the paper will address these problems. A Heterogeneous Small Cell Network (HSCN) is one in which there is an umbrella created by the macro cell and small cells are deployed within the region to help fix coverage gaps and capacity needs [14]. The co-ordination of different cells within the same region without interfering is the challenging part of an HSCN. D2D communication is one in which the User Equipment (UEs) can exchange information directly. This paper will start by discussing the architecture of a SON-enabled Disaster Resilient HSCN (DRHSCN). We will discuss how self-configuration of power, automatic neighbor relation (ANR), Physical Cell Identity (PCI), self-optimization of coverage, capacity, mobility robustness and self-healing capabilities help in achieving minimal human intervention during disasters [1]. The next section of the paper will discuss how a multihop D2D communication system realized through smartphones relay can help in disaster resilience [3]. We will then discuss how the current LTE architecture can be made distributed in order to minimize the dependency between User Equipment (UE) and the core network [2]. We will discuss how D2D communication can help in this regard and increase the disaster resilience of an LTE-A network [2]. II. Utilizing SON in DRHSCN The primary purpose for using SON in Disaster Resilient Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks (DRHSCN) is to reduce the operational expenditure (OPEX) and human intervention. The DRHSCN architecture as shown in Figure 1 [1] consists of a macro cell and several small cells (femto cells) within the macro cell. Satellite link provides the backhaul. The SON entity of the network is present on the base station side. The Heterogeneous evolved Node B (HeNB) serves the femto user equipment (FUE) while the macro base station serves the macro user equipment (MUE). Figure 1. Architecture of DRHSCN [1] During disasters, there will need for deployment of new nodes such as cellular on wheels (CoW), adaptation of the existing nodes to the changes, and healing of the nodes that were damaged physically. Self-configuration means a newly added node during a disaster scenario automatically selects the network parameters and schemes such as physical cell ID (PCI), power configurations, neighbor lists and other basic settings needed for proper operation [4]. The newly added nodes are configured into the network and then the existing nodes involve in self-optimizing as a reaction to the environmental changes caused by the disaster. Self-optimization means automatically changing the radio resource management parameters such as power parameters (pilot, control and data), tilt, azimuths, handover management parameters, and others needed to optimize the performance of the network [4]. Self-Configuring new nodes We will discuss the methods for self-configuring the transmit power, physical cell ID and Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) in DRHSCN. Let us assume a new HeNB is entering the network and its boundary ends where the path loss is 2 dB from the HeNB. When it powers on, the HeNB will receive Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) measurements of the macro eNB as well as other HeNBs in the vicinity. Based on this self-discovery, the HeNB will configure a suitable transmit power to mitigate the co-channel interference with the macro or other small cells [1]. A FUE will be covered by the HeNB if Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) from the HeNB is above 3dB. An MUE will be served by the macro eNB if SINR from macro eNB is above 1dB. Based on these assumptions, the self-configuration will make sure that for FUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is below 3dB. For MUE outside the 2dB boundary, SINR is above 1dB. This way the HeNB cannot affect the MUE outside its boundary [1]. Figure 2. (a) Self-configuration of PCI [1] (b) Self-configuration of ANR [1] A physical cell ID needs to be unique for each cell in its operating area in order to avoid collision and confusion. Since the primary and secondary synchronization signals (PSS, SSS) are based on the PCI, any collision would result in synchronization problems. There are only 504 possible PCIs [4]. Hence in a dense deployment of heterogeneous networks, it is difficult to guarantee uniqueness. Instead of manually configuring PCI during network planning or randomly selecting a PCI, an automatic PCI selection algorithm [1] as shown in Figure 2a [1] would result in lesser collisions and confusions in a disaster scenario. The HeNB first detects neighbors in its vicinity and composes a deny list. It then requests a reserved list from the SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system. Based on these, an available PCI is selected and confirmed with the OAM. It is a periodic procedure and the HeNB reselects its PCI based on the neighbor PCIs seen in UE measurement repor ts. In order to ensure handovers are managed properly in the absence of human resource during disasters, an Automatic Neighbor Relation (ANR) feature should be added. This enables the self-configuration of the Neighbor Relation Table (NRT) and deletion of unnecessary neighbor relations (NR). The algorithm is shown in Figure 2b [1] and is very similar to the PCI selection algorithm. Instead of a PCI list, a neighbor list is composed. The neighbor PCI and Cell Global Identity (CGI) are obtained from the UE measurement reports. ANR reduces the need for handover selection from a long neighbor list by removing unnecessary NR periodically. [1] Self-Optimizing existing nodes Self-optimization in the existing HeNB in DRHSCN is achieved in two ways Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) and Coverage Optimization. In a heterogeneous network, the occurrence of unnecessary handovers due to complex mobility patterns and cell boundaries, results in large consumption of resources which cannot be afforded especially in a disaster scenario. The purpose of self-optimizing handover (HO) parameters is to detect such unnecessary handovers and to avoid them while not compromising on handover failure rate. A Mobility Robustness Optimization algorithm is proposed for a DRHSCN [1]. A cost function is first calculated as a weighted sum of five types of handovers [5]. These include ping-pong handover which return the HO back to the serving cell, early handover when Radio Link Failure (RLF) occurs since the HO was executed earlier than required, late handover when the HO is processed too late which results in RLF, continuing handover when the HO after execution is immediately is handed over to another cell which is not the serving cell, wrong handover when the HO was made to the wrong cell resulting in RLF [6]. In order to optimize the handover process, each HeNB has a timer which starts when handover complete message is received from UE. This timer stops as soon as an RLF occurs or is reported by other eNBs/HeNBs. From the UE status after RLF the HeNB will be able to recognize if it was a late, early or wrong handover, or call drop. Based on the performance metrics collected by a single eNB/HeNB, the parameters are optimized [1]. As shown in Figure 3 [1], the optimized parameters are calculated based on the cost function. This calculation is repeated iteratively after detecting unnecessary, too late, too early and wrong handovers, and fixing the weights of the cost function accordingly. The SON-enabled OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) system collects the performance reports. The RLF and unnecessary HO are reduced significantly by the optimization algorithm which will help in efficient handovers during disasters when the HeNB are randomly deployed [1]. Figure 3. Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO) [1] Coverage optimization is done by adaptively choosing the cell boundary. This is important in a disaster scenario because fast random deployments of small cells do not take into account the interference caused by the small cells with macro cells which will reduce the performance of the DRHSCN. In the self-configuration phase, we created fixed boundaries based on RSRP measurements of eNB and other HeNBs. This boundary is not realistic since we will deploy small cells indoor such as in buildings. The RSRP measurements of the FUE during the self-optimization phase will help in determining a realistic coverage radius. Large changes in RSRP is observed when the FUE enters or leaves a building due to penetration loss associated with walls. The algorithm given in Figure 4 [1] shows how after self-configuration, either an adaptive or fixed boundary is chosen based on whether a house boundary was got from the decision module. This process is iteratively applied and an optimal boundary is chose n. The performance analysis of the power self-configuration and coverage self-optimization algorithm together shows better macro and small cell coverage. It helps provide better coverage and manage capacity efficiently [1]. Figure 4. Coverage and Capacity Optimization [1] Self-Healing triggered by failed nodes Self-healing is the process of handling the coverage gaps or capacity overloads resulting from the failure due to physical damage of a base station (either macro or small cell) during disasters [1].ÂÂ   Self-healing consists of automatic fault detection, fault classification and cell compensation schemes [7]. Figure 5 [7] shows the flow chart of a self-healing process. Fault classification into degraded (sub-optimal operation), crippled (major faults causing low SINR) or catatonic cells (complete outage) can be done using Bayesian systems to determine type of fault with certain probability [9]. Learning algorithms are important to make the detection more intelligent by having a log of faulty alarm detections. The Trigger Conditions of Self-Healing (TCoSH) satisfy when anomalies occur for a particular duration and cause sufficient performance degradation. The logical steps for self-healing are provided by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) in [8]. The compensation scheme s, depending on type of fault, might involve automatic reconfigurations which would direct the neighbors to up tilt antennae, increase power, or enable relay-assisted handover [10]. It is critical to continue monitoring the faulty base station through X2 interface to check if it has recovered, so that neighbors can return to their optimal configurations. Much research is needed in self-healing in terms of the various learning, classification, and compensation algorithms before it can be deployed practically [7]. Figure 5. Self-Healing Process [7] III. D2D communication during disasters In the previous section, we discussed how a SON-enabled DRHSCN implementation can help operate a 4G network reliably and efficiently during disasters. However, we need to note that the dependence on cellular operators networks is high in a DRHSCN. During a disaster, the physical damages caused to the operator network in a significantly large area, are difficult to be handled using self-healing alone. Hence there is a need for a decentralized network architecture as an overlay over DRHSCN that will ensure reliable communication of emergency messages. Figure 6. D2D communication during disasters [3] Access and Network technologies in D2D communication In this sub-section we will discuss a multi-hop D2D communication realized using relay by smartphones [3]. As a minimum requirement, unacknowledged, best effort delivery of small packets of messages such as text, voice should be possible. The types of messages may be emergency communication between affected areas and outside world, broadcast messages to the affected areas, local information sharing within refugee areas, etc. as shown in Figure 6 [3]. The interconnection of the D2D network with the outside world can also be achieved through Satellite, unmanned aircraft system (UAS), etc. [3]. The various technologies that can be used in multihop D2D communication as shown in Figure 7 [3] will be discussed next. Figure 7. Technologies in D2D communication [3] The wireless access technologies need not be limited to one. Multiple technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi, Zigbee, LTE-A, WiGig (Wireless Gigabit) can be used based on the environment, data needs, physical distance, spectrum availability. The developments in mobile equipment technologies such as battery technology, antenna design techniques enable the use of various wireless interfaces on a single mobile terminal [3]. Bluetooth, WiFi and Zigbee are used currently. While WiGig has the advantage of being de-centralized and having high speeds (up to 7 Gbps for 60 GHz bandwidth), it is a short range technology (10m). LTE-A has the advantage of having a good channel quality and lesser interference due to a base station acting as controller. To overcome the disadvantage of dependence on operator network during disasters, we will discuss a decentralized D2D communication architecture for LTE-A in the next sub-section. The networking (routing) technologies used in smartphone relay cannot be fixed, like in other multihop communications due to the unpredictable mobility of the terminals. Hence each device selects its own routing method based on its situation. Hence integrating various routing technologies is inevitable. For a stable dense mesh network such as WiFi ad hoc, which is are almost immobile, mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) type routing is preferred. MANET sends a message via an established path from source to destination. Delay/disruption-tolerant networks (DTN) is suitable for both single and mutihop communication since it is a network layer technology [3]. For wireless access technologies that work on a single hop such as Bluetooth, Zigbee, DTN-type routing has to perform multihop through various single hops. Since the best type of routing depends on the scenario, implementing a fusion of the two routing types would be the most efficient. Interconnection of the multihop D2D communication system with external networks such as satellite, movable and deployable resource units (MDRU) [11], unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) is possible. Longer distance communication with areas not affected by the distance is possible through such interconnection. The gateway between the D2D system and outside networks filters out redundant messages received from DTN type routing which tends to send duplicates [3]. The gateway should advertise its presence so that the terminals can direct their messages to it. For certain applications, it is important to ensure confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Hence a security functionalities are added. In order to ensure that all types of smartphones can participate in the D2D communication, all operating systems (Android, iOS, Windows, etc.) should be compatible. In order to ensure independency from cloud services, it is suggested that the terminals have a mutihop D2D mode for emergency purpose s. In [3], a prototype based on fusion of MANET and DTN routing technologies was developed and its performance was tested to be good. D2D communication enabled decentralized LTE-A architecture The dependencies between the UE, eNB and Evolved Packet Core (EPC) reduce the resilience and flexibility of a 4G network. We will discuss a D2D enabled LTE-A architecture that will reduce this dependency [2]. The EPC is an all-IP core network that performs the access control, authentication, etc. Failure of any entity within the EPC can cause a cascading effect and might take long time to fix. A novel software architecture, which virtualizes certain fundamental EPC services and resource management functions within the eNB to reduce the dependency between the eNB and EPC is proposed in [2]. A new component called Flexible Management Entity (FME) is suggested to be added to the architecture. The eNB along with the FME which includes the virtual EPC entity would now be called the Hybrid eNB (HYeNB). The detailed design and distributed protocols associated with the FME are discussed in [2]. Wired or wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11, 802.16, optical, satellite networks, etc. are used to maintain connection between HYeNB and physical EPC. While the above virtualization creates a distributed architecture between the eNB and the EPC, we will discuss about how the dependency between UE and the Radio Access Network (RAN) can be reduced in LTE-A by deploying D2D feature that was introduced in Release 12 of 3GPP [13]. The D2D communication is discovered, established and maintained without any interference from eNB or EPC. The uplink channels PUCCH, PUSCH and PRACH are used for the initialization and operation of the D2D protocol. A D2D communication can be set up within the UEs in the network when needed either using the D2D-Agent present inside the FME, or the UEs can establish the D2D communication independent of the HYeNB. When connection with eNB is lost for a Time of Interruption (ToI), a selected UE (b-UE) will take up the role of D2D-A. The b-UE will establish, manage and coordinate the D2D network. It is necessary to have ToI to avoid ping-pong effect. The multiple access scheme used by such a b-UE is Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) due to less interference and battery consumption [2]. Figure 8. Handshake messages when UE joins a D2D network [2] All UEs which lost connection with HYeNB for ToI is allowed to consider transmitting direct beacon frames (D-beacons). But before a UE transmits D-beacons, it will listen to the channel for at least two D-beacon time intervals (TD) (time between two beacons which can be any multiple of frame duration 10 ms) to see if any other UE is already the b-UE. If after two TD, no beacon was received, the UE becomes b-UE and starts broadcasting the D-beacons with information such as D2D network ID, identification of UEs in the network, etc. on the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH). PUCCH is also used by b-UE to reply to UE network association requests as shown in Figure 8 [2].ÂÂ   The network joining procedure is same as the four-way handshake that occurs during LTE random access. There are 64 Zadoff Chu preambles from which the UE who wishes to join chooses from to minimize contention. The contention resolution scenario involves the b-UE sending response based on the UE ID in the D2 D network. The UE which did not receive a response backs off. The random access operations are performed using the Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH). The response which is usually sent on Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in traditional LTE, should be sent on PUCCH by the b-UE. Reserved slots in the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) are used for the third message (association request). PUSCH is also used for data and voice transmission. The resources reservation for data and voice takes place between peer UE and does not need b-UE involvement. [2] The UEs will continue search for synchronization signals and Master Information Block (MIB) on Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) to see is the HYeNB has been reconnected. Once reconnected, the resources allocated to the D2D network will be given up [2]. IV. Conclusion A SON-enabled DRHSCN and D2D communication enabled LTE-A are two technologies that will greatly increase the robustness and resilience of existing cellular networks as well as future 5G networks during disasters. The two methods can be implemented as an overlay by introducing D2D communication within a Heterogeneous network. The multihop smart phone relay using a multiple wireless access and a fusion of routing technology when applied to the D2D network, create another layer of resilience. These methods achieve the primary goal of making the network self-reliant and distributed so that communication can be established even when any part of the network is damaged by disaster. The future 5G architecture can be made disaster-resilient from the start if the proposed methods are taken into account even during standardization. By extending the proposed D2D protocol into Internet of Everything (IoE), we will be able to send emergency messages not only to humans but also to trains, cars, etc . to prevent major accidents. V. References H. Zhang, C. Jiang, R. Q. Hu, Y. Qian, Self-organization in disaster-resilient heterogeneous small cell networks, IEEE Network, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 116-121, 2016. K. 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